Published in Agron J 99:570-577 (2007)
DOI: 10.2134/agronj2006.0269
© 2007 American Society of Agronomy
677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA
Canola
Yield, Seed Quality, and Sulfur Uptake of Brassica Oilseed Crops in Response to Sulfur Fertilization
S. S. Malhia,*,
Y. Ganb and
J. P. Raneyc
a Agric. and Agric-Food Canada, Research Farm, Highway 6 South, P.O. Box 1240, Melfort, SK, Canada S0E 1A0
b Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, P.O. Box 1030, Airport Road East, Swift Current, SK, Canada S9H 3X2
c Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S9H 0X2
* Corresponding author (malhis{at}agr.gc.ca)
Received for publication September 21, 2006.
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ABSTRACT
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Field experiments were conducted in 2003, 2004, and 2005 on a S-deficient Gray Luvisol (Boralf) soil near Star City, in northeastern Saskatchewan, to determine yield, seed quality and S uptake response of different Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars to S deficiency and S fertilization. A total of 20 treatments were tested in a factorial combination of four oilseed crops (B. juncea canola cv. Arid, B. juncea canola cv. Amulet, B. juncea mustard cv. Cutlass, and B. napus cv. InVigor 2663 hybrid canola) and five rates of potassium sulfate fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg S ha–1). All B. species/cultivars responded positively for seed yield and most other parameters to S fertilizer in all 3 yr, but the magnitude of response varied with species/cultivar and year. Seed yield was highest with Cutlass juncea mustard in a dry year (2003), but was highest with InVigor 2663 hybrid canola in years with above-average precipitation (2004 and 2005). Seed yield was usually maximized at the rate of 30 kg S ha–1 for all B. species/cultivars. Oil concentration in seed increased with S fertilization for all B. species/cultivars. There was a significant (albeit small) increase of protein concentration in seed due to S fertilization. Cutlass juncea mustard accumulated considerably high concentrations of glucosinolates in seed, but glucosinolate concentrations were low in other B. species/cultivars. Sulfur uptake in seed was highest with Cutlass juncea mustard in all years. The effects of S deficiency and applied S were more pronounced on seed than straw. In conclusion, S fertilizer requirements for optimum seed yield were similar for all the B. species/cultivars used in this study on S-deficient soil, but higher yielding types of B. would produce greater seed yield by using S more efficiently.
Abbreviations: B, Brassica • SEM, standard error of the mean
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INTRODUCTION
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IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES, there are about 4.5 millions ha of agricultural land under B. oilseed crop production, and the majority of this area is in the Parkland region, i.e., an area comprised mainly of Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf), Dark Gray Luvisol (Mollic Cryoboralf), and Black Chernozem (Udic Boroll) soils, generally in northern parts of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. In some regions such as northeastern Saskatchewan, there are many agricultural soils deficient in S for optimum crop yield, particularly for high S-requiring B. oilseed crops (Grant and Bailey, 1993; Jackson, 2000). In earlier research, canola or rapeseed (B. napus L. and B. rapa L.) has been shown to respond markedly to S fertilization on S-deficient soils (Janzen and Bettany, 1984; Nuttall et al., 1987). There is great interest in B. juncea canola in western Canada, because this species has equal or superior seed and meal quality compared to B. napus and B. rapa canola species (Potts et al., 2003).
Juncea canola (B. juncea L.) has recently received registration as a new oilseed species in Canada. This is considered to be a "novel food" due to zero erucic acid in oil and low glucosinolate concentration in meal (Potts et al., 2003) that meet the requirements of the canola quality standards. Given the great genetic diversity of glucosinolates in the seed (Burton et al., 2004), which is associated with S, it is extremely important to determine if the low glucosinolate concentration in juncea canola seeds can be retained under different S management conditions.
Research has shown inconsistent responses of different B. species/cultivars to S fertilization under controlled conditions and in field studies (Wetter et al., 1970; Aulakh et al., 1980; Nuttall et al., 1987; Asare and Scarisbrick, 1995; Ahmad et al., 1998; Ahmad and Abdin, 2000). This could be due to differences in their growth rate, yield potential, rooting pattern and genetic make-up. Because B. juncea is a new crop in Canada, there is virtually no information available regarding the performance of this crop under different growing conditions, especially in the major oilseed production area in the Parkland region where many soils are deficient in S. The objective of this study was to determine yield, seed quality, and S uptake responses of different B. species/cultivars to S deficiency and S fertilization on a S-deficient soil in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Field experiments were conducted in 2003, 2004, and 2005 on a S-deficient Gray Luvisol (Boralf) soil near Star City, Saskatchewan (52°47'36.0'' N, 104°18'9.7'' W, elevation 502 m). Soil (0–15 cm) at the site was loam (hand texture; Laverty and Bollo-Kamara, 1988), with 6.6 pH in 1:2 soil/water (Hendershot et al., 1993) and 3.1% organic matter (Tiessen and Moir, 1993). In spring 2003, soil in the 0- to 15-, 15- to 30- and 30- to 60-cm depths, respectively, contained 19, 36, and 23 kg NO3–N ha–1 (Maynard and Kalra, 1993); and 13, 13, and 22 kg SO4–S ha–1 (Combs et al., 1998). The corresponding values were 33, 65, and 26 kg NO3–N ha–1, and 12, 8, and 18 kg SO4–S ha–1 in 2004; and 33, 9, and 13 kg NO3–N ha–1, and 11, 7, and 18 kg SO4–S ha–1 in 2005.
Four B. oilseed species/cultivars (B. juncea canola, Arid; B. juncea canola, Amulet; B. juncea mustard, Cutlass; and B. napus, InVigor 2663 hybrid canola) were grown at five rates of potassium sulfate fertilizer (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 kg S ha–1) in a factorial, randomized complete block design with four replications. Each plot was 1.8 by 7.5 m, and all plots received a blanket application of 120 kg N (as ammonium nitrate), 30 kg P (as triple superphosphate) and 20 kg K (as potassium chloride) ha–1 in every year. All fertilizers were broadcast on soil surface before seeding, and then incorporated into the top 10 cm soil with a rotovator. A double-disc press drill was used to sow the seeds in rows 17.8 cm apart with a target plant population density of 120 plants m–2 using seed rate of 9 kg ha–1.
Data were collected on seed and straw yield, oil, protein and glucosinolate concentration in seed, and total S concentration and S uptake in seed and straw. Seed yield was determined by harvesting an area of 1.25 m wide by 7.0 m long with a plot combine, and straw yield was calculated from hand-harvested samples collected from two 1-m long rows in each plot. Oven dried (60°C) samples were analyzed for oil, total N and total S in seed, and total S in straw. Oil concentration was determined using crude fat method (AOAC, 1990). Total S was determined by digestion of samples in nitric acid–hydrogen peroxide and measuring its concentration in the digest by ICP–AES (Huang and Schulte, 1985). Total N was determined by sample digestion in nitric acid–hydrogen peroxide and detection of N by thermal conductivity using a CNS combustion analyzer (AOAC, 1995). Protein concentration was calculated by multiplying the total N by conversion factor 6.25. Glucosinolate concentration in seed was determined by a modification (Raney et al., 1995) of gas chromatographic method of Thies (1980).
Main and interaction effects of B. species/cultivars and S fertilizer rates were determined from analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the GLM procedure in SAS (SAS Institute, 1993). When species/cultivar by sulfate rate interaction was not significant, the treatment mean effects were presented. Least significant difference (LSD0.05) was used to determine significant differences between treatment means. For each ANOVA, standard error of the mean (SEM), significance and LSD0.05 are reported.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Mean annual air temperature, precipitation and evapotranspiration for this area are 0.3°C, 410 mm and 506 mm, respectively. The long-term (1971–2000) average precipitation in the growing season (May through August) is 244 mm. The growing season precipitation at the nearest Environment Canada Meteorological Station (Melfort Research Farm: 52°49'3.9'' N, 104°36'11.5'' W, elevation 530 m) was 169 mm in 2003 (below average), and 290 mm in 2004 (above average) and 372 mm in 2005 (above average). In 2003, there was drought in the late growing season with below average precipitation in July and August (near flowering to seed filling).
For each parameter, comparisons were made among the B. species/cultivars, and S fertilizer rates within each species/cultivar. Significance for B. species/cultivars, S fertilizer rate and their interactions for each parameter are presented in various tables. For most parameters measured, there was an improvement in the R2 values with the use of quadratic regression over linear regression (data not shown). Seed yield (averaged over all 3 yr) and glucosinolate concentration (averaged over 2004 and 2005) were regressed as a function of S rate to assess the nature of response by different B. species/cultivars to S fertilizer rates using RSERG procedure of SAS. The quadratic response curves and equations along with observed data points are presented in Fig. 1
for seed yield and in Fig. 2
for glucosinolate concentration.
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Fig. 1. Seed yield response of Brassica oilseed species/cultivars to S fertilizer rates at Star City, SK.
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Fig. 2. Response of glucosinolate concentration in seed of Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars to S fertilizer rates at Star City, SK.
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The treatment x year interaction effect was significant for seed yield, straw yield, oil concentration in seed (P 
0.001), glucosinolate concentration in seed (P 0.02), total S concentration in seed (P 0.01) and S uptake in seed (P 0.10), but was not significant for seed protein concentration and S uptake in straw. Therefore, the results are presented for each year separately. Main effects of B. species/cultivars and S fertilizer rate were significant for all parameters in all years, except for B. species/cultivars on seed protein concentration in 2003. Significant species x S rate interaction was observed for most of the parameters measured in this study with a few exceptions.
Seed and Straw Yield
Seed yield response to S fertilization was different among B. species/cultivars and varied with year (Table 1). In 2003, seed yield without S fertilization was low for all four B. species/cultivars, with hybrid canola having the lowest seed yield. Maximum seed yield with S application was achieved with Cutlass juncea mustard, followed by juncea canola (both Arid and Amulet) and InVigor 2663 hybrid canola in a decreasing order.
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Table 1. Seed yield of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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In 2004, seed yield of B. species/cultivars (averaged across S rates) was in the order of InVigor 2663 hybrid canola > Cutlass mustard > Amulet juncea canola 
Arid juncea canola. Seed yield (averaged across B. species/cultivars) increased with increasing S rate up to 30 kg S ha–1 rate. The increase in seed yield with first dose of 10 kg S ha–1 was 1182 kg ha–1. The seed yield increases from the additional 10 kg S ha–1 increments were much lower; i.e., 417 kg ha–1 from the second, 179 kg ha–1 from the third, and –34 kg ha–1 from the fourth dose of S.
In 2005, seed yield without S fertilizer was in the declining order of Cutlass mustard Amulet juncea canola > InVigor 2663 hybrid canola > Arid juncea canola, but the order of B. species/cultivars changed when S fertilizer was applied near optimum rate. The highest seed yield increase from 30 kg S ha–1 rate was for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, followed by Cutlass mustard and Arid juncea canola, with the least seed yield increase being for Amulet juncea canola. The greater response to S fertilization for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola than the three other crops translated into larger seed yield differences among them at higher S rates. By using the difference method, InVigor 2663 hybrid canola increased seed yield by 717 kg ha–1 more than Cutlass mustard, 1435 kg ha–1 more than Amulet juncea canola and 1373 kg ha–1 more than Arid juncea canola at the 30 kg S ha–1 rate (data not shown). In addition, S use efficiency was also higher for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola (73 kg seed kg–1 applied S) than Cutlass juncea mustard (42 kg seed kg–1 applied S), Arid juncea canola (44 kg seed kg–1 applied S) and Amulet juncea canola (20 kg seed kg–1 applied S). Thus, InVigor 2663 hybrid canola could be considered more efficient user of S fertilizer than the other B. species/cultivars in producing seed.
In 2003, drought during the late growing season near flowering and seed formation caused a drastic reduction in seed yield (Table 1). In spite of normal crop growth in the early growing season in 2003 as evidenced by straw yield (data not shown), InVigor 2663 hybrid canola produced the lowest seed yield. Being a later maturing crop (by 11–12 d) than the other three B. species/cultivars, the InVigor 2663 hybrid canola suffered the drought during the late growing season near flowering to seed filling, resulting in the "haying-off" effect and consequently produced lower seed yield. Thus, seed yield was greatest for Cutlass mustard, followed by Arid juncea canola and Amulet juncea canola, and lowest for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola. In years when soil moisture was not limiting (2004 and 2005), both actual seed yield and its response to S fertilization were generally greatest for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, followed by Cutlass mustard, with the lowest for the two juncea canola. In an earlier study in Saskatchewan, Wetter et al. (1970) reported increase in seed yield with S application for all B. species/cultivars, but seed yield of a B. napus cultivar was greater than B. rapa, B. juncea, and B. hirta cultivars. In India, Ahmad et al. (1998) stated that S fertilization increased seed yield of B. juncea (cv. Pusa Jai Kisan) by 30% and B. rapa (cv. Pus Gold) by 46% compared with zero-S control.
The quadratic regression analysis of seed yield (averaged over 3 yr) indicated that seed yield increased sharply with first 10 kg S ha–1 increment, and moderately with second increment (Fig. 1). The increase in seed yield was small with the third S increment, and beyond the 30 kg S ha–1 rate there was slight increase to slight decline in seed yield. The rate of S required to achieve maximum seed yield (calculated from the regression functions) ranged from 30 to 34 kg S ha–1 among the four B. species/cultivars (30 kg S ha–1 for Cutlass mustard and InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, and 34 kg S ha–1 for the Arid and Amulet juncea canola). At these optimum S rates, seed yield was higher with Cutlass mustard and InVigor 2663 hybrid canola than with Arid and Amulet juncea canola. These results indicated that the magnitude of seed yield increase due to S fertilizer varied with B. species/cultivar, but S fertilizer requirements to produce optimum seed yield from different B. species/cultivars were similar. Similarly, the findings of another recent study in the same area on canola cultivars and S rates interactions did not indicate any need for different S fertilizer rates for the four canola cultivars (two B. napus and two B. rapa) to maximize seed and straw yield on S-deficient soils in northeastern Saskatchewan (Malhi and Gill, 2006).
Straw yield of all B. species/cultivars tested increased with S fertilization, and maximum straw yield was obtained at the rate of 20 to 40 kg S ha–1 depending on the year (data not shown). In 2003, mean straw yield (averaged across S rates) was lowest for Amulet juncea canola (4228 kg ha–1), and other B. species/cultivars produced similar straw yields (range of 5013–5065 kg ha–1). In 2004, mean straw yield was in the order of InVigor 2663 hybrid canola (6015 kg ha–1) > Amulet juncea canola (5171 kg ha–1) Arid juncea canola (5066 kg ha–1) > Cutlass mustard (4294 kg ha–1). In 2005, straw yield at different S rates was greater for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola (5491 kg ha–1), followed by Amulet juncea canola (4849 kg ha–1) and Arid juncea canola (4728 kg ha–1), and lowest straw yield with Cutlass mustard (4183 kg ha–1). Overall, straw yields were greater for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola compared to the three other B. species/cultivars in all 3 yr, but the S rate for maximum straw yield was generally similar for all B. species/cultivars.
Seed Quality
In the absence of S fertilization, oil concentration in seed was highest for Cutlass mustard in 2003 and 2005, and for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola in 2004 (Table 2). Oil concentration in seed increased with S fertilization. The increase in seed oil concentration due to S fertilization was lowest for Cutlass juncea mustard, followed closely by InVigor 2663 hybrid canola. This was due to usually high concentration of oil in seed without S fertilization in these oilseed crops. Maximum oil concentration was usually attained at about 10 to 20 kg S ha–1 rate for Cutlass juncea mustard and InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, and at about 30 kg S ha–1 rate for Amulet juncea canola and Arid juncea canola. This suggests that Cutlass juncea mustard and InVigor 2663 hybrid canola would produce seed with higher oil concentration by using S more efficiently on S-deficient soils. Other studies conducted in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta also showed that sulfate S application to canola increased oil concentration in seed on S-deficient soils (Nuttall et al., 1987; Malhi and Gill, 2002; Grant et al., 2003a).
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Table 2. Oil concentration in seed of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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Protein concentration in seed varied significantly (albeit small) among the four B. species/cultivars in 2004 and 2005 (Table 3). Protein concentration in seed was usually lower for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola than the three other B. species/cultivars. Protein concentration in seed increased significantly with increasing S rate in all 3 yr, and it usually increased up to 30 kg S ha–1 rate. Earlier studies with rapeseed in Saskatchewan have shown large an increase in protein concentration in seed with application of sulfate-S fertilizer on S-deficient soils (Finlayson et al., 1970; Nuttall et al., 1987). However, other studies with canola in Saskatchewan and Manitoba observed a slight increase to some decrease in protein concentration in seed with application of sulfate-S fertilizer on S-deficient soils (Malhi and Gill, 2002; Grant et al., 2003a).
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Table 3. Protein concentration in seed of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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Glucosinolate concentration in seed of B. cultivars/species is associated with the application of S chemical element (Finlayson et al., 1970). Considerably higher concentrations of glucosinolates in seed were observed in Cutlass mustard than the other B. species/cultivars in all years (Table 4). Glucosinolate concentration in seed increased with S fertilization, but the increases were much higher with Cutlass mustard than the other B. species/cultivars. All mustards (B. juncea and Sinapis alba L.) naturally have a high glucosinolate concentration, which constitute the "hot" flavor characteristic of the mustard seed (Downey and Rakow, 1995). Regression analysis indicated that for Cutlass mustard, glucosinolate concentration in seed continued to increase considerably up to the highest rate of 40 kg S ha–1 used in this study (Fig. 2). Application of sulfate S fertilizer at excessive rates has been found to increase concentration of glucosinolates in rapeseed in Saskatchewan (Finlayson et al., 1970; Nuttall et al., 1987). But this may be of little concern for new canola cultivars or canola-type juncea cultivars as evidenced by low glucosinilate concentration in seed both without and with application of S fertilizer to canola-type oilseed crops used in the present study (Fig. 2).
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Table 4. Glucosinolates concentration in seed of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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Total S concentration in seed generally increased with increasing S rate, but it varied with cultivars and year (Table 5). Averaged across S rates, total S concentration in seed was substantially higher for Cutlass mustard than the three other B. species/cultivars in all 3 yr. Other studies on canola in Saskatchewan and Manitoba have also shown considerable increase in total S concentration in seed with S fertilization (Malhi and Gill, 2002; Grant et al., 2003b).
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Table 5. Total S concentration in seed of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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Field studies in Saskatchewan and Manitoba have shown variation in actual values and response to S fertilization for oil, protein and total S concentrations in seed of B. species and cultivars (Wetter et al., 1970; Nuttall et al., 1987; Grant et al., 2003a; Malhi and Gill, 2006). The results of these studies suggest that oil and protein concentration in the seed of B. oilseed crops may be affected by multiple factors including genetic differences within a crop species. In spite of the differences in response of various B. species/cultivars to S fertilization, the results of our study did not show a clear support for a different fertilizer S rate recommendation for each B. species/cultivar for almost all seed quality parameters on this S-deficient soil.
Uptake of Sulfur in Seed and Straw
Sulfur uptake in seed and its response to S fertilization depended on species/cultivars, and the differences in S uptake in seed of the tested B. species/cultivars varied at different S rates (Table 6). The average increase of S uptake in seed from 30 kg S ha–1 fertilization rate over the zero-S control was generally higher for Cutlass mustard (14.4 kg S ha–1) followed by InVigor 2663 hybrid canola (6.6 kg S ha–1), Amulet juncea canola (4.8 kg S ha–1) and Arid juncea canola (4.1 kg S ha–1). Relatively more S uptake in seed and its response to S fertilization for Cutlass mustard than the three other species resulted in larger differences among the Cutlass mustard and other B. species/cultivars at higher S rates in all 3 yr. For example, Cutlass mustard had more S uptake in seed by 3.3 and 10.9 kg S ha–1 than InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, by 3.0 and 12.5 kg S ha–1 than Amulet juncea canola, and by 3.3 and 13.5 kg S ha–1 than Arid juncea canola at the 0 and 30 kg S ha–1 rates, respectively.
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Table 6. Uptake of S in seed of four Brassica (B.) oilseed species/cultivars with different rates of S at Star City in northeastern Saskatchewan.
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The uptake of S in straw did not show a consistent influence of B. species in different years (data not shown). In 2003, the uptake of S in straw was highest for Arid juncea canola (10 kg S ha–1) and lowest for Cutlass juncea mustard (6.9 kg S ha–1). In 2004, the S uptake in straw was highest for Amulet juncea canola (18.3 kg S ha–1), followed closely by Arid juncea canola (17.4 kg S ha–1), and lowest for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola (11.9 kg S ha–1) and Cutlass juncea mustard (11.2 kg S ha–1). The uptake of S in straw generally increased with increasing S rate, and maximum uptake was obtained at 40 kg S ha–1 rate in most cases (range of 2.1 to 15.1 kg S ha–1 in 2003, 7.2 to 21.7 kg S ha–1 in 2004, and 5.1 to 16.8 kg S ha–1 in 2005).
Due to the naturally higher concentration of glucosinolates, which are S-containing compounds, Cutlass mustard could be considered a more efficient user of S fertilizer (S uptake in seed per unit of applied S), as evidenced by higher percentage recovery of applied S in seed (e.g., 51% for Cutlass mustard, 26% for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, and 17% for juncea canola; data not shown). For all species/cultivars tested, response of S uptake in seed to S fertilization was generally observed up to 30 kg S ha–1. At this S rate, Cutlass mustard had more S uptake per unit of seed than the others (e.g., 19.6 g S kg–1 seed for Cutlass mustard, 8.7 g S kg–1 seed for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola, 6.1 g S kg–1 seed for Arid juncea canola, and 7.1 g S kg–1 seed for Amulet juncea canola; data not shown). Overall, there were differences in S uptake in seed and straw among B. species/cultivars, but response trends of S uptake to S fertilizer rates were generally similar. This suggests that S fertilizer rates for S uptake should be similar for the B. species/cultivars used in this study on S-deficient soils. Similarly, in another study on four canola cultivars in the same area, S uptake in seed and straw were greater with two B. napus than two B. rapa cultivars, but the findings did not indicate any need for different S fertilizer rates for different canola cultivars (Malhi and Gill, 2006).
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CONCLUSIONS
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All B. oilseed species/cultivars responded positively for seed yield and most other parameters to S fertilizer application in all 3 yr, while the responses varied with oilseed species/cultivar and year. In 2003, drought during the late growing season near flowering and pod formation caused a substantial reduction in seed yield. Seed yield was highest with Cutlass mustard in the dry year of 2003 and with hybrid canola in the wetter years of 2004 and 2005. Oil concentration in seed increased with S fertilization for all B. species/cultivars, and it was usually higher for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola and Cutlass juncea mustard than the two juncea canola cultivars with the lowest from Arid juncea canola. Depending on the B. species/cultivar, there was a significant (albeit small) increase of protein concentration in seed due to S fertilization, as S is essential component in some amino acids. Protein concentration was usually lower for InVigor 2663 hybrid canola than the three other B. species/cultivars. Cutlass juncea mustard accumulated considerably high concentrations of glucosinolates in seed both without and with increasing S fertilization rate in all years. In other oilseed species/cultivars, glucosinolate concentration in seed also increased with S fertilization, but the absolute values were small and increases were marginal. Sulfur uptake in seed was highest with Cutlass mustard in all years. The effects of S deficiency and applied S were more pronounced on seed than straw. Seed yield response trends to applied S were fairly similar for the four B. species/cultivars and seed yield was usually maximized at about 30 kg S ha–1 rate for all species/cultivars. In summary, the findings suggest that S fertilizer application rates for optimum seed yield should be similar for the B. oilseed species/cultivars used in this study on S-deficient soil, but higher yielding types would produce greater seed yield by using S more efficiently.
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