HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Agricola Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Related Collections Agroclimatology Other Legumes Dryland Cropping Systems

Production Papers

Winter Pea and Lentil Response to Seeding Date and Micro- and Macro-Environments

^a Central Agricultural Research Center, Montana State Univ., Moccasin, MT 59462
^b Dep. of Land Resource and Environmental Sciences, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT 59717
^c USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA 99164-6434

^* Corresponding author (cchen{at}montana.edu)

Received for publication March 22, 2006.

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) have potential agronomic advantages over spring types in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and northern Great Plains (NGP). The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine suitable seeding date and cereal stubble height in no-till systems for winter pea and lentil; (ii) quantify and compare biomass and seed yield of winter pea and lentil with spring types; and (iii) compare adaptation of winter pea and lentil between the PNW and the NGP. Two breeding lines each of winter pea (PS9430706 and PS9530726) and winter lentil [LC9979010 (‘Morton’) and LC9976079] and two commercial cultivars each of spring pea (CDC Mozart and Delta) and spring lentil (Brewer and CDC Richlea) were sown on different dates (early and late fall dates for winter lines and spring date only for spring cultivars) and into different stubble heights (0.1 and 0.3 m) and compared for yield and agronomic adaptation in no-till systems at four locations: Moccasin and Amsterdam, MT; Genesee, ID; and Rosalia, WA. Stubble height did not influence winter or spring pea biomass production or seed yield. Tall stubble increased lentil biomass by 220 to 530 kg ha^–1 and seed yield by 100 to 260 kg ha^–1 in five out of nine site–years. Fall-seeded winter pea lines produced as much as 1830 kg ha^–1 more seed yield than spring cultivars at the PNW sites, but not at the NGP sites. Early fall-seeded lentil yielded as much as 480 and 590 kg ha^–1 greater than spring types in the NGP and PNW, respectively. Delayed fall seeding and reduced stubble height decreased yields more frequently in the NGP than in the PNW.

Abbreviations: NGP, northern Great Plains • PNW, Pacific Northwest

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
GROWING pea and lentil provides many benefits to cereal-based cropping systems in the semiarid PNW and NGP. First, the legume crop biologically fixes atmospheric N₂ through symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria making it available to both the legume crop and a subsequent nonlegume crop, thus reducing the need for inorganic N fertilizer inputs (Badaruddin and Meyer, 1994; Beckie and Brandt, 1997; Beckie et al., 1997; Walley et al., 2005). Second, rotating legumes with cereals interrupts disease and pest cycles established in continuous cereal crops (Stevenson and van Kessel, 1996; Derksen et al., 2002; Krupinsky et al., 2002). Third, pea and lentil conserve soil water for the subsequent cereal crops because of their shallow rooting depth (Nielsen, 2001; Miller et al., 2002, 2003; Miller and Holmes, 2005). Finally, introducing pea and lentil to cereal-based cropping systems provides commodity and economic diversity (Zentner et al., 2002). Nevertheless, crop production is often limited by terminal drought (plants suffer lack of water during the late stages of reproductive growth) and heat stress in the semiarid PNW and NGP. Early seeding has been promoted to avoid terminal drought and improve crop yields (Johnston et al., 1999; Gan et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2003, 2005), but cool and wet soil conditions in the early spring, or general time constraints resulting from a high volume of spring field work often prevent early sowing.

Winter pea and lentil have a longer growing period with earlier spring growth and flower initiation that enables them to avoid terminal heat and water stress in midsummer compared with spring pea and lentil. However, yield advantages of winter pea and lentil over spring types have not been well documented in the semiarid PNW and NGP. Winter pea has been tested for potential use as a winter cover crop (Holderbaum et al., 1990), forage (Murray et al., 1985), and green manure (Auld et al., 1982; Mahler and Auld, 1989). In previous studies, winter pea was planted in pure stands or in mixtures with a cereal for forage (Murray et al., 1985; Hofstetter, 1994; Chen et al., 2004). Interest in growing winter pulse crops has recently increased with the release of winter legume cultivars that have greater yield potentials and have had seed coat pigmentation in the pea removed (Suszkiw, 2005; F. Muehlbauer and K. McPhee, personal communication, 2006).

Benefits from growing dry pea and lentil in cereal stubble of no-till cropping systems have been widely reported. Benefits include reduced soil erosion (Papendick and Miller, 1977), increased snow trapping that improves moisture conservation, reduced wind speeds that lessen evaporative demand for water, and altered microclimate for improved water use efficiency during the growing season (Cutforth et al., 2002). Huggins and Pan (1991) compared two no-till stubble heights (0.35 and 0.05 m) to conventionally tilled treatments for their effects on winter pea and lentil growth and yield in northern Idaho. They found that both stubble heights enhanced soil moisture conservation and increased early growth of Austrian winter pea compared with conventional tillage. Average grain yield was greater in the 0.35 m (3570 kg ha^–1) and 0.05 m (3530 kg ha^–1) stubble than in conventional tillage (2700 kg ha^–1). Tall stubble limited sunlight penetration, thereby affecting the morphology and biomass production of the winter legumes. Winter pea and lentil grown under tall stubble had longer internodes and greater overall vine length. Further studies are needed to determine suitable residue management strategies for winter pea and lentil in the contrasting climates of the PNW and NGP.

Fall seeding may not occur until timely rainfall wets the seedbed to a depth of 0.1 m or greater. A dry seedbed often results in decreased yields of winter legumes (Murray et al., 1979) or complete lack of crop establishment. Optimum seeding dates for winter pea and lentil have not been well documented in the inland PNW or in the NGP. Although dryland producers have no control over the amount and timing of fall rainfall, it would be valuable to know the crop production risk associated with delayed fall seeding dates. Thus, research is needed to determine the planting window and the impact of delaying seeding dates on plant growth and yield. Murray et al. (1984) reported that seedling vigor and seed yield of Austrian winter pea decreased with delayed seeding from September to October at one of two sites in Idaho.

The PNW and the NGP are separated by the Rocky Mountain Range resulting in sharply contrasting climatic conditions. The PNW is characterized by a Mediterranean type climate with a cool, wet winter and hot, dry summer. The majority of the precipitation is received in the winter and spring and little rain falls from June to August (Chen et al., 2003; Payne et al., 2001). The NGP is characterized by a continental climate with a long and cold winter, a short and warm summer, with large diurnal ranges in temperature, frequent strong winds, and uncertain and highly variable summer precipitation (Padbury et al., 2002).

The objectives of this study were to: (i) determine optimal seeding dates and cereal stubble height for optimal winter legume survival and yield under no-till practices; (ii) quantify and compare biomass and seed yield of winter pea and lentil with spring types; and (iii) compare the adaptation of winter pea and lentil between the semiarid inland PNW region and the eastern Rocky Mountain front region of the NGP.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
A 3-yr study was conducted at Moccasin, MT (47°03'3'' N, 109°57'3'' W, 1400 m elevation) and Amsterdam, MT (45°44'45'' N, 111°26'30'' W, 1490 m elevation), and a 2-yr study at Genesee, ID (46°33'03'' N, 116°55'28'' W, 815 m elevation), and Rosalia, WA (47°16'29'' N, 117°17'1'' W, 680 m elevation) (Fig. 1 ). Soils at Moccasin are classified as fine-loamy, carbonatic Typic Calciborolls (Judith clay loam series) and soils at Amsterdam are classified as fine-silty, mixed Typic Haploborolls (Amsterdam silt loam series). Soils at Genesee and Rosalia are classified as fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxerolls (Palouse series). Long-term average monthly air temperature and precipitation are presented in Fig. 2 for each location. The typical frost-free period is 110 d at Moccasin, 98 d at Amsterdam, and 130 d at Genesee and Rosalia, respectively. Table 1 displays the monthly precipitation for each location during the experimental period.

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Experimental sites at Moccasin, MT, and Amsterdam, MT (the northern Great Plains sites), and Genesee, ID, and Rosalia, WA (the Pacific Northwest sites).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Long-term (93 yr for Moccasin, 64 yr for Amsterdam, and 57 yr for Rosalia) monthly average: (a) temperature, and (b) precipitation for the three experimental sites.

Winter and spring pea and lentil lines and cultivars were sown directly into cereal stubble cut to heights of 0.3 and 0.1 m representing tall and short stubble heights, respectively. Stubble blocks were bordered on all sides by a minimum 3.6-m-wide strip of the same stubble height to minimize edge effects. Winter pea and lentil were planted at two fall seeding dates (early and late) ranging between 12 September and 2 November, while spring pea and lentil were planted at one spring date ranging between 8 April and 6 May (Table 2). Since spring pea and lentil were not planted in the fall in this study, and vice versa, seeding date and cultivar combinations were defined as planting treatments.

At plant maturity, total aboveground plant biomass was hand harvested from five 1-m long rows in each plot and weighed. Grain was threshed from each sample and weighed. The remainder of the plot was harvested with a plot combine. Plot grain yield was calculated as the combine plus hand harvest sample weights.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed separately for pea and lentil for biomass and seed yield data to determine the effects of stubble height and planting treatments. A model for a split-plot design was used with data pooled over four locations and 2 yr (2002 and 2003). Year was considered a random effect and location was considered a fixed effect (McIntosh, 1983). Significant interactions between planting treatment and location and year were detected, therefore, separate ANOVAs were performed for each site-year. Main treatment means were compared according to a protected LSD at P = 0.05 and no stubble x planting treatment interaction was detected.

	RESULTS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Annual precipitation varied by year and location (Table 1). The greatest amount received each year was at Genesee. More importantly, precipitation pattern varied between the PNW and NGP sites. During four site–years, Genesee and Rosalia received 77 to 88% of their annual precipitation from September to April, averaging only 14% of their annual total during the May– July growing season. In contrast, during five site–years, Moccasin and Amsterdam received 25 to 61% of their annual precipitation from September to April, and averaged 44% of annual precipitation during the critical May–July growing season. Summer drought characterized all sites and affected final grain yield.

The ANOVA results for pea and lentil (Table 3) revealed that there were significant effects of year, and year x site interactions for biomass and seed yield. Stubble height did not influence biomass and seed yield of pea (Table 3). However, a stubble height x year interaction occurred for lentil seed yield, indicating the stubble height effects on lentil differed among years. Planting treatment interactions with sites and years were detected for both crops (Table 3), therefore, separate ANOVAs were performed for each site-year.

View larger version (39K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring pea planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Moccasin, MT, in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Early planted winter lentil had greater biomass than spring lentil in all 3 yr (Fig. 4a ). Similar to winter pea, delayed fall seeding of winter lentil reduced biomass accumulation in 2004. There was no difference in biomass accumulation between Morton and line 079 winter lentil.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring lentil planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Moccasin, MT, in 2002, 2003, and 2004. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Amsterdam, MT
Establishment of winter pea and lentil at the 2004 Amsterdam site failed completely due to persistent dry fall seedbed conditions; consequently the site was abandoned. Winter pea line 706 seeded early in the fall had similar biomass compared with the spring pea cultivars (Fig. 5a ). However, early seeded line 726 had less biomass than Delta spring pea in both years and less than Mozart spring pea in 2002. Early seeded winter pea lines 706 and 726 did not differ in biomass in 2002. But line 706 produced greater biomass than 726 in 2003. Delayed fall seeding for winter pea line 706 resulted in decreased biomass both years but line 726 only lost yield when planted later during 2003.

View larger version (33K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring pea planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Amsterdam, MT, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Richlea spring lentil cultivar produced more biomass than either winter lentil line at both early and late seeding dates in 2002 (Fig. 6a ). In 2003, however, both early seeded winter lentil lines produced biomass comparable with the spring cultivars. In 2002, Morton biomass yield was greater than line 079 at late seeding date but less than line 079 at early seeding date. However, they both lost biomass yield in 2003 when planting date was delayed. Similar to biomass, Richlea spring lentil had greater seed yield than winter lentil lines at either early or late seeding date in 2002, but seed yield did not differ between the early seeded winter lentil and spring lentil in 2003 (Fig. 6b). Delayed fall seeding during 2002 had no effect on seed yield, but during 2003 it resulted in an average of 950 kg ha^–1 less yield. There was no difference in seed yield between Morton and line 079 at either planting date during both years.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring lentil planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Amsterdam, MT, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Genesee, ID
In 2002, early planted winter pea lines produced greater biomass than the spring cultivars, and the late planted line 706 produced more biomass than the two spring cultivars (Fig. 7a ). During 2003, early planting was not successful. Only the late-seeded winter pea line 706 had greater biomass than the spring cultivars. Line 706 produced 4420 (late seeding) to 4830 kg ha^–1 (early seeding) and 2240 (early seeding) to 3130 kg ha^–1 (late seeding) more biomass than line 726 in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Delayed fall seeding did not affect biomass for either winter pea line during 2002. However, during 2003 biomass production increased for both winter pea lines for the delayed fall seeding date.

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring pea planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Genesee, ID, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Biomass was consistently greater for the early seeded winter lentil cultivars compared with spring lentil cultivars by an average of 890 kg ha^–1 and 650 kg ha^–1 in 2002 and 2003, respectively (Fig. 8a ). Early seeded Morton winter lentil produced more biomass than line 079 in 2002 and was similar to 079 in 2003. Delayed fall seeding decreased biomass in 2002, but had no effect on biomass yield in 2003. The tall stubble treatment had 220 kg ha^–1 more biomass than the short stubble treatment in 2002, but there was no difference between the two stubble treatments in 2003 (data not shown).

View larger version (32K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring lentil planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Genesee, ID, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Rosalia, WA
All winter pea treatments produced more biomass than spring pea in 2002, with the exception that line 726 seeded late (Fig. 9a ). During 2003, all winter pea treatments produced more biomass than spring pea. Winter pea line 706 produced 900 (late seeding) to 1742 kg ha^–1 (early seeding) greater biomass than line 726 in 2002, and 998 (early seeding) to 1202 kg ha^–1 (late seeding) greater biomass than line 726 in 2003. Biomass production was less for the late fall seeding date in 2002, but not in 2003.

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring pea planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Rosalia, WA, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

Lentil biomass and seed yield were inconsistent at Rosalia (Fig. 10a , 10b). In 2002, there were no differences in biomass among planting treatments with the exception of Richlea (Fig. 10a). Morton accumulated more biomass than line 079 and Brewer, but was similar to Richlea in 2003 (Fig. 10a).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 10. Biomass and seed yield of winter and spring lentil planted at early and late-fall and spring seeding dates at Rosalia, WA, in 2002 and 2003. Different letters atop each bar indicate a significant difference according to Fisher's protected LSD (P = 0.05). Error bars represent ±1 SE.

	DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Winter pea cultivars showed greater yield advantage compared with spring pea cultivars in the PNW than in the NGP macroclimate. Two major climatic factors likely contributed to this differential response. First, winter temperatures in the PNW were consistently warmer than the NGP sites (Fig. 2). Average winter temperatures remained near or above freezing in the PNW (Fig. 2) minimizing the extent of tissue necrosis caused by freezing. Frequent below freezing winter temperatures experienced at the NGP locations resulted in severe damage to tissue. Almost all aboveground tissue showed signs of necrosis at Moccasin and Amsterdam, MT. Winter pea and lentil still have difficulty surviving in the highline areas of Montana. Due to the mild winter conditions and extensive growing period in the PNW, winter pea produced up to 7900 kg ha^–1 greater biomass and up to 1830 kg ha^–1 greater seed yield than spring pea at four PNW site-years (Fig. 7 and 9). However, no yield advantage to winter pea over spring pea was documented at the NGP locations (Fig. 3 and 5). Second, precipitation distribution in the PNW was more favorable for winter pea growth compared with the NGP sites. In the PNW, a typical winter season has well-timed rainy periods that promote growth in winter crops (Table 1, Fig. 2). These cool and wet conditions are ideal for winter pea growth and soil surface evaporation is reduced under these conditions. Conversely, wet spring soil conditions in the PNW typically cause seeding delays for spring pea that strongly limits its yield potential (Gan et al., 2002; Miller et al., 2006). The continental type weather conditions in the Rocky Mountain front area of the NGP are highlighted by precipitation peaks in the summer (Fig. 2). Although timely summer rain can relieve drought conditions in shallow soils, rainfall delivered by summer storms is unreliable and variable resulting in unstable yield over the long term (Fig. 3 and 5). In 2003, for example, only 10 and 14 mm rain were received in July at Moccasin and Amsterdam, respectively. As a result, pea yield was greatly reduced.

The mild winter conditions and longer growing period of the PNW, relative to the NGP locations, favored biomass and seed yield in winter pea at Genesee and Rosalia, especially for line 706 with a long-vined and semileafless (afila) morphology. But line 726, with a semidwarf semileafless morphology, had a greater seed yield compared with line 706 at the Moccasin and Amsterdam sites. This outcome highlighted genotypic differences in adaptation in different environments.

Delayed fall seeding date generally reduced winter pea and lentil biomass and seed yield. Winter lentil was observed to be more sensitive to fall seeding dates than winter pea at Moccasin (Fig. 3 and 4) and Genesee (Fig. 7 and 8). Delayed fall seeding date reduced yield in three of five site–years for winter lentil and two of five site–years for winter pea in the NGP (Fig. 3 through 6), compared with two of four cases for winter lentil and one of four cases for winter pea in the PNW (Fig. 7 through 10). In the PNW, producers have a wider planting window and can plant winter pea and lentil after fall rains moisten the seedbed. In the NGP, however, the fall seeding window is narrow as producers must plant winter pea or lentil by mid-September and then rely on enough moisture in the seedbed to ensure establishment of vigorous seedlings able to survive the winter.

Winter lentil yield was 100 to 260 kg ha^–1 greater in the tall cereal stubble treatments than in the short stubble treatments in four of five site–years in the NGP, but in the PNW in the tall stubble treatments lentil yield was 100 kg ha^–1 greater than in the short stubble treatments in only one of four site–years (data not shown). This response may be due to increased water use efficiency associated with stubble microclimate as reported previously for spring pea and lentil (Cutforth et al., 2002). Lentil plant height was 4 cm taller in the tall stubble (data not shown), an attribute beneficial for combine harvesting. Huggins and Pan (1991) attributed the stem elongations of pea and lentil under no-tillage to the influence of stubble height on red/far-red ratios. Plants exposed to far-red light have greater stem elongation.

	CONCLUSIONS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Different climate patterns in the PNW and NGP resulted in differential adaptation for genotypes of both pea and lentil. With a Mediterranean type climate and mild winter conditions in the PNW, winter pea cultivars demonstrated greater yield potential than spring pea cultivars, and the long-vined winter pea line 706 out-yielded the semidwarf winter pea line 726. In the NGP with a continental climate, cold winter conditions and a short growing season, winter pea cultivars did not demonstrate a yield advantage over spring pea cultivars, and the semidwarf winter pea line 726 out-yielded the long-vined winter pea line 706 for the early fall seeding date. Winter lentil cultivars demonstrated a yield advantage over spring lentil cultivars in both the PNW and NGP, especially in years with summer drought. In the PNW, early fall seeding into tall stubble was not as critical as in the NGP where harsh winter conditions and short growing seasons existed. However, establishment of the winter pulse crops as early in the fall as possible will likely increase the winter survival and productivity of the crops in most environments.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the USDA Cool Season Food Legume Program and farmer collaboration: Matt Flikkema (Amsterdam, MT), Russ Zenner (Genesee, ID), and Joe Schmitz (Rosalia, WA). Technical expertise was capably provided by Jeff Holmes, Karnes Neill, Rick Short, Chris Hoagland, and Mike Sill.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 

• Auld, D.L., B.L. Bettis, M.J. Dial, and G.A. Murray. 1982. Austrian winter and spring peas as green manure crops in northern Idaho. Agron. J. 74:1047–1050.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Badaruddin, M., and D.W. Meyer. 1994. Grain legume effects on soil nitrogen, grain yield, and nitrogen nutrition of wheat. Crop Sci. 34:1304–1309.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Beckie, H.J., and S.A. Brandt. 1997. Nitrogen contribution of field pea in annual cropping systems: I. Nitrogen residual effect. Can. J. Plant Sci. 77:311–322.
• Beckie, H.J., S.A. Brandt, J.J. Schoenau, C.A. Campbell, J.L. Henry, and H.H. Janzen. 1997. Nitrogen contribution of field pea in annual cropping systems: II. Total nitrogen benefit. Can. J. Plant Sci. 77:323–331.
• Chen, C., G. Jackson, K. Neill, D. Wichman, G. Johnson, and D. Johnson. 2005. Determining the feasibility of early seeding canola in the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 97:1252–1262.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Chen, C., W.A. Payne, R.W. Smiley, and M.A. Stoltz. 2003. Yield and water-use efficiency of eight wheat cultivars planted on seven dates in northeastern Oregon. Agron. J. 95:836–843.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Chen, C., M. Westcott, K. Neill, D. Wichman, and M. Knox. 2004. Row configuration and nitrogen application for barley-pea intercropping in Montana. Agron. J. 96:1730–1738.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Cutforth, H.W., B.G. McConkey, D. Ulrich, P.R. Miller, and S.V. Angadi. 2002. Yield and water use efficiency of pulses seeded directly into standing stubble in the semiarid Canadian prairie. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82:681–686.
• Derksen, D.A., R.L. Anderson, R.E. Blackshaw, and B. Maxwell. 2002. Weed dynamics and management strategies for cropping systems in the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 94:174–185.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Gan, Y.T., P.R. Miller, P.H. Liu, F.C. Stevenson, and C.L. McDonald. 2002. Seedling emergence, pod development, and seed yields of chickpea and dry pea in a semiarid environment. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82:531–537.
• Hofstetter, B. 1994. Warming up to winter peas. They can beat vetch—if they overwinter. New Farm. 16:11–13.
• Holderbaum, J.F., A.M. Decker, J.J. Meisinger, F.R. Mulford, and L.R. Vough. 1990. Fall-seeded legume cover crops for no-tillage corn in the humid east. Agron. J. 82:117–124.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Huggins, D.R., and W.L. Pan. 1991. Wheat stubble management affects growth, survival, and yield of winter grain legumes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:823–829.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Johnston, A., P. Miller, and B. McConkey. 1999. Conservation tillage and pulse crop production—western Canada experiences. p. 176–182. In Momentum in northwest direct seed farming. Proc. Northwest Direct Seed Cropping Syst. Conf., Spokane, WA. 5–7 Jan. 1999. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow.
• Krupinsky, J.M., K.L. Bailey, M.P. McMullen, B.D. Gossen, and T.K. Turkington. 2002. Managing plant disease risk in diversified cropping systems. Agron. J. 94:198–209.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Mahler, R.L., and D.L. Auld. 1989. Evaluation of the green manure potential of Austrian winter peas in northern Idaho. Agron. J. 81:258–264.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• McIntosh, M.S. 1983. Analysis of combined experiments. Agron. J. 75:153–155.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Miller, P.R., S.A. Brandt, C.L. McDonald, and J. Waddington. 2006. Chickpea, lentil and pea response to delayed spring seeding on the Northern Great Plains. Can. J. Plant Sci. (in press).
• Miller, P.R., Y. Gan, B.G. McConkey, and C.L. McDonald. 2003. Pulse crops for the northern Great Plains: I. Grain productivity and residual effects on soil water and N. Agron. J. 95:972–979.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Miller, P.R., and J.A. Holmes. 2005. Cropping sequence effects of four broadleaf crops on four cereal crops in the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 97:189–200.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Miller, P.R., J. Waddington, C.L. McDonald, and D.A. Derksen. 2002. Cropping sequence affects wheat productivity on the semiarid northern Plains. Can. J. Plant Sci. 82:307–318.
• Murray, G.A., D.L. Auld, J.M. Kraft, G.A. Lee, F.J. Muehlbauer, and L.E. O'Keeffe. 1979. Dry pea and lentil production in the Pacific Northwest. Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 578. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow.
• Murray, G.A., D.L. Auld, and J.B. Swensen. 1985. Winter pea/winter cereal mixtures as potential forage crops in northern Idaho. p. 7. Idaho Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 638. Univ. of Idaho, Moscow.
• Murray, G.A., J.B. Swensen, and D.L. Auld. 1984. Influence of seed size and planting date on the performance of Austrian winter field pea. Agron. J. 76:595–598.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Nielsen, D.C. 2001. Production functions for chickpea, field pea, and lentil in the central Great Plains. Agron. J. 93:563–569.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Padbury, G., S. Waltman, J. Caprio, G. Coen, S. McGinn, D. Mortensen, G. Nielsen, and R. Sinclair. 2002. Agroecosystems and land resources of the northern Great Plains. Agron. J. 94:251–261.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Papendick, R.I., and D.E. Miller. 1977. Conservation tillage systems in the Pacific Northwest. J. Soil Water Conserv. 32:49–56.
• Payne, W.A., P.E. Rasmussen, C. Chen, and R.E. Ramig. 2001. Assessing simple wheat and pea models using data from a long-term tillage experiment. Agron. J. 93:250–260.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Stevenson, F.C., and C. van Kessel. 1996. The nitrogen and non-nitrogen rotation benefits of pea to succeeding crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 76:735–745.
• Suszkiw, J. 2005. New, winter-hardy pea cultivar now available. Available at www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/050527.htm (accessed 7 June 2006; verified 9 Aug. 2006). USDA-ARS, Washington, DC.
• Walley, F.L., G. Clayton, P. Miller, P.M. Carr, and G. LaFond. 2005. Nitrogen economy of pulse crop production in the northern Great Plains. In Annual meetings abstracts [CD-ROM]. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI.
• Zentner, R.P., D.D. Wall, C.N. Nagy, E.G. Smith, D.L. Young, P.R. Miller, C.A. Campbell, B.G. McConkey, S.A. Brandt, G.P. Lafond, A.M. Johnston, and D.A. Derksen. 2002. Economics of crop diversification and soil tillage opportunities in the Canadian prairies. Agron. J. 94:216–230.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Chen, K. Neill, D. Wichman, and M. Westcott Hard Red Spring Wheat Response to Row Spacing, Seeding Rate, and Nitrogen Agron. J., August 11, 2008; 100(5): 1296 - 1302. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. W. Cutforth, S. M. McGinn, K. E. McPhee, and P. R. Miller Adaptation of Pulse Crops to the Changing Climate of the Northern Great Plains Agron. J., November 6, 2007; 99(6): 1684 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Agricola Articles by Chen, C. Articles by McPhee, K. Related Collections Agroclimatology Other Legumes Dryland Cropping Systems