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BIOSOLIDS

Termination of Sewage Biosolids Application Affects Wheat Yield and Other Agronomic Characteristics

Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170

^* Corresponding author (Ken.Barbarick{at}ColoState.edu).

Received for publication September 19, 2002.

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Biosolids land application for beneficial use requires managers to use agronomic rates to avoid nutrient overapplication. Consequently, one question regarding biosolids land application is, "Once application ceases, how long does it take agronomic properties associated with excessive biosolids applications to approach the agronomic characteristics corresponding to an untreated control?" In a summer fallow rotation system receiving 40 dry Mg biosolids ha^-1 rate per cropping (six to nine times larger than the agronomic rate) for five applications (>10 yr), we compared dryland hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Vona’ or ‘TAM 107’) and 0- to 20-cm soil depth responses to results for an untreated, unfertilized control (0 Mg ha^-1) for three croppings (>6 yr) following discontinuation. We applied biosolids from the Littleton/Englewood, CO, wastewater treatment plant to an Aridic Paleustoll and an Aridic Argiustoll soil at Sites A and B, respectively. Using a split plot in time design, we found differences, probably due to climatic variations, between the control and the discontinued biosolids treatment for yield and grain N, P, Zn, and Cu concentration at Site A and a significant cropping effect on all plant parameters at both sites. After five applications of biosolids exceeding the agronomic rate by six- to ninefold, the discontinued biosolids treatment produced similar soil NH₄HCO₃–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extractable P and Zn at both sites, and soil AB-DTPA Cu and electrical conductivity of a saturated soil–paste extract (EC_e) at Site A by the third cropping following termination.

Abbreviations: AB-DTPA, NH₄HCO₃–diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid • DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid • EC_e, electrical conductivity of saturated soil–paste extract • ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrophotometer • P, probability level

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
IF APPLIED at a rate that meets the N needs of a crop, biosolids can supply sufficient nutrients such as N, P, and Zn to dryland wheat in a summer fallow cropping system without posing environmental threats (Barbarick et al., 1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998; Barbarick and Ippolito, 2000). Previous research determined that 4.5 to 6.7 dry Mg ha^-1 is the agronomic rate for continuous application of biosolids from the cities of Littleton and Englewood, CO, in a summer fallow cropping system (e.g., biosolids application every other year; Barbarick and Ippolito, 2000).

An unresolved question, however, is the time required for various plant and soil constituents on land that has received long-term excessive applications of biosolids to return to the levels found in an untreated, unfertilized control. We originally used biosolids rates that included excessive amounts to research the effects of overapplication (Barbarick et al., 1992). The USEPA 40 CFR 503 regulations (USEPA, 1993) do not permit biosolids application above the agronomic rate; however, we needed to overapply biosolids in a controlled research setting to determine the effects of the excessive biosolids additions on agronomic parameters. We needed information on long-term effects as well as carryover from large applications that are eventually terminated. We selected the untreated, unfertilized control data for comparison since agronomic rates of inorganic N fertilizer did not affect grain yields from 1990 through 1998 (data not shown). Barbarick and Ippolito (2000) have shown that N availability from biosolids application to soils in a greenhouse study provided little N carryover after two wheat crops following biosolids addition. Walter et al. (2002) found that soil samples taken at 1, 5, and 9 yr following completion of biosolids application at two long-term study sites in Spain showed increases at 1 yr following discontinuation in organic matter and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Cu concentrations then continuously declined in Years 5 and 9 at one site while declining in Year 5 and then increasing in Year 9 at the second site.

McBride et al. (1997) studied a field site 15 yr after a single, large biosolids application and found an estimated 40% of the applied Zn and Cu and 30% of the applied Cd and P were not recovered in a total analyses of the topsoil. They also showed that a large portion of the soluble Cu was in an organically complexed form. Barbarick et al. (1998) determined that only AB-DTPA–extractable (measure of plant availability) Zn consistently increased (ranged from 0.12 to 1.2 mg kg^-1) in the subsoil of plots receiving alternate year applications (due to fallow rotation) at four dryland wheat locations over an 11-yr period. Most subsoil AB-DTPA–Zn concentrations were <1 mg kg^-1, even after several years of biosolids application.

Dowdy et al. (1978) found that single applications of 0, 112, 225, and 450 Mg biosolids ha^-1 caused Cu and Zn concentrations in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Tendergreen’) to increase with increasing biosolids rates. Plant concentrations did not change during 4 yr after the single biosolids application. Bidwell and Dowdy (1987) demonstrated that for 6 yr after the termination of biosolids application to corn (Zea mays L.) grown on a well-drained Waukegan soil (Typic Hapludoll; pH = 6.2), Cd and Zn uptake decreased significantly.

Our overall goal was to determine changes in wheat yields and selected agronomic properties following termination of 10 yr (5 alternate year applications in fallow rotation) of a biosolids application rate (40 dry Mg ha^-1 per cropping) that was six to nine times larger than the agronomic rate (4.5–6.7 dry Mg ha^-1 per cropping) compared with an untreated, unfertilized control (0 dry Mg ha^-1). We investigated grain and surface soil concentrations of N, P, Zn, and Cu because all four elements are essential plant nutrients and because of environmental concern for N and P overapplication. We also determined changes in surface soil EC_e, NO₃–N, and organic C and total N. Our hypothesis was that within three harvests following termination of application of the 40 dry Mg biosolids ha^-1 treatment, wheat yields; grain P, Zn, and Cu concentrations and uptake; soil AB-DTPA concentrations of P, Zn, and Cu; salinity (EC_e); NO₃–N; organic C; and total N would not differ significantly from the control when tested at the 0.10 probability level (P). We had observed some annual trends (unpublished data) that suggested statistically significant changes may be occurring after three croppings following discontinuation of biosolids application.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
We initiated our long-term dryland wheat field study in August 1982 on a location near Bennett, CO, in Adams County (Barbarick et al., 1992). Mean annual precipitation for this area is 35 cm, mean annual temperatures ranged from 2 to 19°C, respectively, and the annual growing season is about 150 d (USDA-SCS, 1974). Two sets of plots (A for those established in 1982; B for those established in 1983) were used. Hard red winter wheat (‘Vona’ from 1982 to 1990, ‘TAM 107’ from 1990 to 1998) is typically seeded every 2 yr in a dryland summer fallow rotation system. Over a 2-yr period in this system, each site had 10 mo in wheat production and 14 mo in fallow. Alternate year biosolids application rates were 0, 6.7, 13, 27, and 40 dry Mg ha^-1 (with four replications) from 1982 through 1991. Table 1 provides the biosolids concentrations applied to each site from 1982 through 1991. Elemental additions of biosolids-borne N, P, Zn, and Cu are given in Table 2. Beginning in 1992 at Site A and 1993 at Site B, we discontinued the 40 dry Mg ha^-1 rate with the overall goal of determining how long agronomic parameters in these high-application plots would return to the control (e.g., received no biosolids or fertilizer application during the entire study) levels. We used the untreated, unfertilized control data for comparison since agronomic rates of inorganic N fertilizer did not affect grain yields from 1990 through 1998 (data not shown). The effects of inorganic N fertilizer rates were part of our overall research; however, we will not discuss the N fertilizer effects in this study. We also did not add any fertilizer to the 40 dry Mg ha^-1 treatments once we terminated biosolids application.

We determined grain yields by harvesting a 1.8 by 15.2 m area with a small-plot combine. We collected grain samples for elemental analyses each year, even in 1995–1996 when we experienced a crop failure at Site B. We determined N concentrations by dividing protein concentrations found with a Dickey John GAC III near infrared analyzer by 5.7. We measured grain elemental concentrations of P, Zn, and Cu in concentrated HNO₃ digests (Ippolito and Barbarick, 2000) using an inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES; Soltanpour et al., 1996). We calculated N, P, Zn, and Cu uptake by multiplying grain yields by the grain elemental concentrations to estimate removal of these three elements via grain harvest.

Immediately following each wheat harvest, we collected composite soil samples (two to three cores per plot) from the 0- to 20-cm depth (tillage layer) near the center of each plot. Samples were taken near the center of each plot to avoid biosolids redistribution problems that can occur following many tillage operations during many cropping years (Yingming and Corey, 1993). The soil samples were immediately air-dried and crushed to pass a 2-mm sieve. Concentrations of soil P, Zn, and Cu were determined on an AB-DTPA extract utilizing ICP-AES. We used this extraction method since Barbarick and Workman (1987) found that AB-DTPA concentrations correlate well with the total amount of metal added to biosolids-amended soils, and Lindsay and Norvell (1978) also showed that soil-DTPA concentrations correlate to Zn and Cu plant availability. We measured the EC_e to determine the soil salinity (Rhoades, 1996) and the NO₃–N concentration on KCl soil extracts (Mulvaney, 1996). We measured total C and N in the 1993–1998 surface soil samples using a LECO-1000 CHN auto-analyzer (Nelson and Sommers, 1996). We did not measure total C and N before 1993, and our surface soils did not contain measurable quantities of inorganic C so that the total C amounts are essentially the organic C content of the soil.

We analyzed the data sets from each site using a split-plot analysis (Steel and Torrie, 1980, p. 377–382) where treatment (untreated, unfertilized control compared with discontinued biosolids application) were main plots and number of croppings following termination of biosolids application were the subplots (Barbarick and Ippolito, 2001). Our comparisons included 1990–1991 for Site A and 1991–1992 for Site B (last year biosolids were applied at each site or 0 croppings following termination of biosolids application), 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 (e.g., one cropping following discontinuation), 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 (e.g., two croppings following termination), and 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 (e.g., three croppings following discontinuation) at each site, respectively. We did not analyze all site and soil depth data together, since we had missing individual replication data for the following: grain concentrations other than N at Site A and AB-DTPA levels at Site B for no croppings following termination; AB-DTPA P concentrations at Site A after one cropping, and soil NO₃–N at Site A and grain yield due to crop failure at Site B after two croppings. Because precipitation variations profoundly affect grain yields and subsequent grain concentrations and uptake in a dryland agroecosystem, we did not calculate the effects of the treatment by cropping interaction; and, therefore, we added the variation associated with this interaction to the error term in the split-plot analyses of variance. We did calculate the treatment x cropping interaction effect for all soil parameters. We determined Least Significant Difference values at P = 0.10 (LSD_0.10) where we found significant effects for treatment (control vs. discontinued 40 Mg biosolids ha^-1), croppings following termination (0, 1, 2, 3), or the interaction between treatments and number of croppings in our analyses of variance.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
For several agronomic parameters, our hypothesis was that the untreated, unfertilized control and the discontinued 40 dry Mg biosolids ha^-1 treatment would not be significantly different after three croppings following termination of biosolids application. We tested this hypothesis by looking for significant "treatment (control vs. discontinued 40 Mg biosolids ha^-1) x number of croppings" interactions when differences between the two treatments were statistically the same by the third cropping.

Our grain yields were generally less than the Adams County, Colorado average of about 2 Mg ha^-1 due to the droughty conditions we experienced at our sites in the 1990s (Tables 3 and 4; Fig. 1) . We found a significant treatment effect on grain yield and grain N, P, Zn, and Cu concentrations at Site A and a significant cropping effect on all plant parameters at both sites. We cannot explain the treatment effect relative to the soil parameters we determined. The differences due to cropping probably resulted from precipitation differences during the 6 yr following termination of biosolids application. Despite the application of appreciable quantities of biosolids N, P, Zn, and Cu (Table 2), the discontinued 40 Mg biosolids ha^-1 grain uptake (measure of element removal) of these elements was statistically the same as the untreated control at both sites. Corn Cd and Zn uptake declined for 6 yr after termination of biosolids application in Minnesota (Bidwell and Dowdy, 1987). By contrast Dowdy et al. (1978) found that snap bean Cu and Zn concentrations did not change over 4 yr after single applications of biosolids at different rates.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Wheat grain yields compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Error bars indicate the standard error of the mean.

The most consistent trends occurred with AB-DTPA P, Zn, and Cu at both sites (Tables 5 and 6). For the discontinued 40 Mg biosolids ha^-1 treatment, the AB-DTPA P and Zn concentrations at both sites and AB-DTPA Cu levels at Site A converged to essentially the same concentration as the control (Fig. 2–4) after three croppings following termination of biosolids applications. The decline in surface soil AB-DTPA P, Zn, and Cu could result from plant uptake, leaching into the subsoil, or formation of either slightly soluble soil minerals or adsorption onto soil minerals thus reducing their lability. Grain uptake removed <1% of the biosolids-applied P, Zn, and Cu (Tables 2–4). Barbarick et al. (1998) showed only minimal movement through the soil profile at this site with continuous alternate year biosolids additions of approximately 27 Mg dry biosolids ha^-1 following five or six applications. Once new applications of biosolids ceased, the residual organic C was probably mineralized to a greater extent and then the released inorganic P, Zn, and Cu, in all likelihood formed slightly soluble minerals or were adsorbed by soil–mineral surfaces. Walter et al. (2002) did not find consistent trends for DTPA-extractable micronutrients or trace metals for up to 9 yr following termination of biosolids application on two sites in Spain.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. The AB-DTPA soil-extractable P concentrations in the 0- to 20-cm depth compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Where significant treatments x croppings interactions were found, averages labeled with the same lower case letter are not significantly different according to Least Significant Difference comparisons across all croppings at P 0.10.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. The AB-DTPA soil extractable Cu concentrations in the 0- to 20-cm depth compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Where significant treatments x croppings interactions were found, averages labeled with the same lower case letter are not significantly different according to Least Significant Difference comparisons across all croppings at P 0.10.

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The AB-DTPA soil-extractable Zn concentrations in the 0- to 20-cm depth compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Where significant treatments x croppings interactions were found, averages labeled with the same lower case letter are not significantly different according to Least Significant Difference comparisons across all croppings at P 0.10.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. The soil NO3–N concentrations in the 0- to 20-cm depth compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Where significant treatments x cropping interactions were found, averages labeled with the same lower case letter are not significantly different according to Least Significant Difference comparisons across all croppings at P 0.10.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. The ECe in the 0- to 20-cm depth compared with the number of croppings after termination of five excessive biosolids applications at West Bennett, 1990–1998. Where significant treatments x croppings interactions were found, averages labeled with the same lower case letter are not significantly different according to Least Significant Difference comparisons across all croppings at P 0.10.

Our hypothesis was that within three harvests following termination of application of the 40 dry Mg biosolids ha^-1 treatment various agronomic parameters would not differ significantly from the control. In other words, we would observe a significant treatment x number of croppings interaction showing a convergence between parameter levels in the discontinued 40 dry Mg biosolids ha^-1 to those in the untreated, unfertilized control. We found a significant biosolids-treatment effect on grain yield and grain N, P, Zn, and Cu concentrations at Site A and a significant cropping effect on all plant parameters at both sites. Because of climatic vagaries under dryland winter wheat growing conditions, we could not statistically determine the treatment x croppings interaction to judge if the plant parameters were the same after three croppings following termination of biosolids application. We would accept our hypothesis for surface AB-DTPA P and Zn at both sites and surface AB-DTPA Cu at Site A. We found inconsistent trends for soil EC_e, NO₃–N, organic C, and total N.

While excessive application is not allowed by the USEPA, sites that once were not regulated or where biosolids N availability was underestimated inadvertently may have received one or more biosolids rates that exceeded the agronomic rate. Our information should aid managers of biosolids programs in determining how long they may have to wait before dryland wheat areas receiving excessive biosolids will recover to untreated control levels. Remarkably, our results indicate that several agronomic characteristics could approach untreated control values within just three dryland winter wheat croppings following five applications of a biosolids rate that exceeded the recommended agronomic rate by six- to ninefold.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
This project was supported by the Colorado Agric. Exp. Stn. (project no. 15-2924) and the cities of Littleton and Englewood, CO.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

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