HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Agricola Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Related Collections Forage Management Grazing Management Other Forage Crops Crop Ecology

PASTURE MANAGEMENT

Canopy Height Effects on Vaseygrass and Bermudagrass Spread in Limpograss Pastures

Agron. Dep., P.O. Box 110300, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0300

^* Corresponding author (les{at}mail.ifas.ufl.edu)

Received for publication April 11, 2002.

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Potential grass weeds in limpograss [Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & Hubb.] pastures include vaseygrass (Paspalum urvillei Steud) and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Grazing management is critical to controlling spread of these grasses and maintaining productive limpograss swards, but competition dynamics among these species have not been evaluated under grazing. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of grazed canopy height (20, 40, and 60 cm) of continuously stocked limpograss pastures on changes in frequency of occurrence and ground cover of limpograss, vaseygrass, and common bermudagrass and plant density of vaseygrass. Experimental units were 0.5-ha pastures replicated four times in a completely randomized design. During the 2 yr of grazing, vaseygrass density decreased in all pastures, changing most for the 20-cm canopy height and least for the 60-cm canopy height (4.4 vs. 0.4 plants m^-2). Changes in vaseygrass cover followed the same trend as density. In contrast, bermudagrass cover increased by seven percentage units if pastures were grazed to a 20-cm height, but the increase was less for 40- and 60-cm swards. These data show that continuous stocking of limpograss pastures decreased vaseygrass plant density, especially when canopy height was low; however, common bermudagrass invasion was favored by grazing to 20 cm, potentially compromising limpograss persistence. It is concluded that grazing continuously stocked limpograss pastures to approximately 40 cm is effective in decreasing existing populations of vaseygrass while minimizing invasion by common bermudagrass.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
VASEYGRASS AND LIMPOGRASS are pasture plants that are adapted to poorly drained soils in Florida. Vaseygrass, a seed-producing perennial bunchgrass, is considered a weed by pastoralists in Florida (Chambliss et al., 1999) while limpograss is a highly productive forage species under grazing and reproduces vegetatively (Sollenberger et al., 1989). Information on vaseygrass as a weed and specifically as a competitor with limpograss is limited. Descriptions of vaseygrass date back to the first half of the 20th century when initial attempts were made to use it as a forage crop (Hanson, 1965). It has been reported as an invader of limpograss plots under clipping evaluation (Kalmbacher et al., 1987) and in grazing situations (Sollenberger et al., 1997).

Rotational stocking and N fertilization are recommended to use limpograss to its fullest potential and optimize cattle weight gains on pasture (Sollenberger et al., 1989; Lima et al., 1999). In a limpograss pasture with vaseygrass present, however, rotational stocking favors vaseygrass because this management allows it to recover from defoliation and become stemmy and unpalatable to grazing livestock before the next grazing period. Under these circumstances, cattle prefer limpograss plants and will defoliate them to a greater extent than vaseygrass. This allows reproductive tillers of vaseygrass to set seed and facilitate spread.

Continuous stocking, while not the optimal grazing method for limpograss pastures (Sollenberger et al., 1988), has been used for several decades to control vaseygrass invasion or spread in pastures of other species (Bogdan, 1977). At immature growth stages, vaseygrass is palatable to cattle, and the leaves and stem tips of the plant are readily grazed (Sollenberger et al., 1997). Continuous stocking can control vaseygrass, but at low stubble heights, it may predispose limpograss pastures to invasion by other grasses, especially common bermudagrass.

Common bermudagrass has been observed invading many subtropical and tropical perennial grass pastures, including ‘Bigalta’ limpograss (Pitman et al., 1994), bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge; Gates et al., 1999), digitgrass (Digitaria spp.), stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst), and bermudagrass hybrids (Mislevy, 1979; Mislevy and Dunavin, 1993). Lack of rhizomes and the erect to semierect growth habit of limpograss do not allow it to withstand frequent or continuous, close defoliation without compromising persistence (Adjei et al., 1989). Common bermudagrass, a strongly rhizomatous and stoloniferous plant, is regarded as a serious weed that spreads by seed and rhizomes (Mislevy, 1979). It tolerates a wide range of conditions, including low fertility and deficient or excessive soil moisture. This provides it with a competitive advantage over many preferred pasture plants, and common bermudagrass will encroach rapidly whenever management is poor.

Competition dynamics between limpograss and vaseygrass and other grass weeds like common bermudagrass have not been evaluated under grazing. Furthermore, the degree of competitive advantage conferred to limpograss relative to vaseygrass under continuous stocking has not been explored. Monitoring changes in population density, frequency, and cover is a powerful tool used to evaluate weed spread, and it is also used to aid decision-making regarding the management of the grassland resource (Elzinga et al., 1998). The objectives of this experiment were to use a monitoring technique to evaluate (i) changes in vaseygrass and bermudagrass population and cover in limpograss pastures, (ii) persistence of limpograss grazed to different canopy heights, and (iii) recuperation of vaseygrass following a 10-mo recovery period from grazing.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Location and Site Characterization
The study was conducted on established stands of ‘Floralta’ limpograss located at the Forage Evaluation Field Laboratory–Beef Research Unit, University of Florida, Gainesville (29°38' N, 82°22' W). Soils were of the Smyrna (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Aeric Alaquod) and the Pomona and Wauchula series (both sandy, siliceous hyperthermic Ultic Alaquods). These are poorly drained soils with low organic matter (A layer) and low Fe (<0.1% in the spodic horizon). The pH at the site averaged 5.8, and Mehlich-I extractable P averaged 9 mg kg^-1, K averaged 18, Ca averaged 716, and Mg averaged 81. Based on soil analysis and the intended use of the land, all pastures were fertilized annually with 160 kg ha^-1 N, 17 for P, and 66 for K. All P and K and 40 kg N ha^-1 were applied on 15 Apr. 1998 and 4 May 1999 to promote grass growth in spring. The remaining N (120 kg ha^-1) was split in three equal applications made on 26 June, 29 July, and 27 Aug. 1998 and on 10 June, 8 July, and 12 Aug. 1999.

Treatments were three grazed canopy heights (20, 40, and 60 cm) of the continuously stocked limpograss swards, selected to represent the range that might be used in practice. Treatments were arranged in four replicates of a completely randomized design. The experimental units were 0.5-ha pastures. Sampling units for the monitoring of species were 2.25-m² (1.5 by 1.5 m) quadrats.

Some chemical weed control occurred before the experimental period. The main weed species present in the pastures were briars (Rubus spp.), smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.), vaseygrass, and a lesser amount of common bermudagrass and maidencane (Panicum hemitomon Schult.). Briars and smartweed were treated using 1.17 L of triclopyr [(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid (Crossbow) in 187 L ha^-1 water. Pastures in two replicates had relatively large populations of vaseygrass, and these plants received spot wick treatments of one part of Roundup Ultra [410 g kg^-1 glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine)] in five parts of water. No further chemical control of vaseygrass was done throughout the experimental period.

Grazing Management
Two crossbred yearling heifers [three-fourths Angus (Bos taurus), one-fourth Brahman (B. indicus)] of similar initial weight (355 kg and 335 kg for 1998 and 1999, respectively) and medium frame were assigned to each pasture as testers; they remained on that pasture during the entire grazing season (15 July to 7 Oct. 1998 and 24 June to 16 Sept. 1999). A variable stocking rate was used, and additional animals of the same breed and similar weight as the testers were added or removed as needed to achieve the target treatment canopy height for each pasture. Pasture canopy height (nonextended leaf) was measured weekly at 50 random sites per experimental unit. Sites were equally spaced (grid pattern) to ensure that all regions of the pasture were included. Additional description of the grazing management has been provided in Newman et al. (2002).

Monitoring and Measurements of Plants
Measurements occurred at the beginning and approximately 1 mo after the end of each grazing season (17 July and 12 Nov. 1998 and 30 June and 14 Oct. 1999) and once in the year following the end of grazing treatments (11 July 2000), corresponding to a 10-mo pasture recovery period during which no grazing occurred. Nine sites (sampling units, each 2.25 m²) in each pasture were selected and transects marked to facilitate future sampling at the same areas. Placement of quadrats was consistent on all pastures and is shown in Fig. 1 . All assessments were made by the same two observers.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Transect layout and placement of quadrats on each pasture to monitor changes in plant density and frequency.

Frequency for each species was measured as the proportion of total quadrats sampled within an experimental unit in which the species was present. For example, vaseygrass frequency was calculated as the number of quadrats where vaseygrass was present (ranging from 0–9) divided by 9 (total quadrats in experimental unit).

Ground cover of vaseygrass, bermudagrass, and limpograss was assessed by means of a visual estimate of cover for the entire pasture (experimental unit). The two observers assessed cover individually and then compromised on their appraisal.

Statistical Analyses
The differences between final (16 Sept. 1999) and initial (17 July 1998) measurements for vaseygrass plant density, grass species frequency, and grass species cover were calculated and the magnitude of these differences compared. Also, differences between the measurements at the end of the recovery period (11 July 2000) and the final grazing season measurements (16 Sept. 1999) were calculated for vaseygrass density and frequency to assess recovery of vaseygrass.

Data were analyzed in two steps. First, analysis of covariance was conducted using initial measurement as the covariate for the final measurement. In the case of the variables measured in July 2000, measurements at the end of the grazing season in the second year were used as the covariate for measurements after the 10-mo recovery period. If the covariate was significant (P 0.15), adjusted data were analyzed by using general linear model methodology through PROC GLM (SAS Inst., 1996, p. 531–656). If the covariate was not significant, then unadjusted data were analyzed using the same general linear model methodology. In all models, canopy height effects were considered fixed, and the nature of the canopy height effect was assessed using orthogonal polynomial contrasts. All means reported in the text are least squares.

	RESULTS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Average maximum temperatures for the experimental period were 32 and 34°C in 1998 and 1999, respectively, and the average minimum was 22°C for both years. In 1999, the highest temperature was 39°C, and there were 14 d with temperatures of 35°C. In 1998, the highest temperature was 36°C, and there were only 4 d with temperatures 35°C. Total annual rainfall was 1300 and 962 mm, respectively, for 1998 and 1999 (30-yr average of 1342 mm); rainfall during the experimental period (84 d) was 550 and 373 mm for 1998 and 1999, respectively (30-yr average of 525 mm).

Covariance Analyses
When used as a covariate, initial measurements (17 July 1998) had an effect on final measurements of vaseygrass density (P < 0.01), vaseygrass and bermudagrass frequency (P = 0.15 and P < 0.01, respectively), and limpograss and bermudagrass cover (P 0.03) but not vaseygrass cover (P = 0.27). Also, when final grazing season measurements (16 Sept. 1999) were used as a covariate for vaseygrass density and frequency at the end of the recovery period, the covariate had an effect on both (P 0.01).

Change in Plant Density
Vaseygrass initial plant density averaged 4.5 plants m^-2 across treatments. After two grazing seasons, the decrease in plant density was greatest when canopy height was 20 cm (-4.4 plants m^-2; Fig. 2) . The magnitude of the change decreased linearly (P = 0.09) as canopy height increased and was -0.6 and -0.4 plants m^-2 for 40- and 60-cm treatments, respectively (P = 0.37 for quadratic effect). Thus, continuous stocking reduced vaseygrass plant density regardless of canopy height, but the effect was more pronounced with closer grazing.

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Effect of canopy height treatment on change in plant density of vaseygrass in limpograss pastures after 2 yr of grazing (experimental period; linear, P = 0.09; SE = 1.5) and following a subsequent 10-mo rest from grazing (recovery period; linear, P = 0.05; SE = 0.7).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of canopy height on changes in frequency of occurrence of vaseygrass (quadratic, P = 0.08; SE = 0.1) and bermudagrass (not significant; quadratic, P = 0.21; SE = 0.1) over a 2-yr period.

Change in Cover
Limpograss, vaseygrass, and bermudagrass initial cover averaged 88, 6, and 1%, respectively, across treatments. Vaseygrass cover decreased by nine percentage units when pastures were grazed to a 20-cm height (Fig. 4) but changed relatively little at 40 and 60 cm (linear, P = 0.04; quadratic, P = 0.01). Limpograss cover was not affected by treatment (P > 0.33; Fig. 4), and bermudagrass cover increased for all canopy heights, but the greatest increase of seven percentage units occurred when pastures were grazed to 20 cm (quadratic effect, P = 0.03; Fig. 4).

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Effect of canopy height on changes in ground cover of vaseygrass (linear, P = 0.04; quadratic, P = 0.01; SE = 2.2), limpograss (not significant, P > 0.33; SE = 6.2), and bermudagrass (linear, P = 0.08; quadratic, P = 0.03; SE = 1.3) over a 2-yr period.

	DISCUSSION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
During the 2 yr of the grazing study, the greatest decline in vaseygrass plant density (-4.4 plants m^-2) occurred when canopy height was maintained at 20 cm. More modest declines (<1 plant m^-2) were observed when height was 40 to 60 cm. The greater loss of vaseygrass plants when pastures were grazed to 20 cm likely was associated with their inability to sufficiently refoliate and restore reserves after successive grazing events, subsequently resulting in plant death or reduction in ramets. In a different experiment, Sollenberger and Newman (unpublished data) found that root weight and root nonstructural carbohydrate content (g plant^-1) were greater for vaseygrass in rotationally than continuously stocked limpograss pastures and for pastures that were grazed to a 30-cm stubble compared with a 15-cm stubble. When dwarf elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), also a bunch grass, was clipped every 3 wk to a 10-cm stubble, its rhizome mass, rhizome nonstructural carbohydrate concentration and content, and rhizome N concentration were much lower compared with plants defoliated either less frequently or to a taller stubble (Chaparro et al., 1996). Some plants exhibit phenotypic plasticity when defoliated, i.e., a change in growth habit that protects leaf area and carbohydrate reserves from herbivory (Chapman and Lemaire, 1993). This was not observed for vaseygrass in the current study.

Changes in frequency in response to canopy height were significant for vaseygrass, and there were trends for bermudagrass. Unlike the response for density, vaseygrass frequency increased for 20-cm pastures and decreased for 40- and 60-cm swards. The response was not expected, but it may be a function of canopy height effects on light relationships at soil level. The lower grazing height likely allowed greater light penetration to the base of the canopy, and this plus the high seed set of vaseygrass (Caponio and Quarin, 1990) in previous years at this site may have created conditions that were favorable for vaseygrass seedling establishment. This may have contributed to the observed responses that showed vaseygrass present in a greater proportion of the pasture area, despite the fact that the average plant density was decreasing. On 40- and 60-cm pastures, both vaseygrass frequency and density decreased during the trial.

Although not statistically significant (P = 0.214), change in bermudagrass frequency showed a positive trend for 20-cm pastures (0.17) but little change at 40 (-0.06)- and 60 (0.05)-cm heights. These data are thought to be biologically meaningful because they closely follow the same pattern as the significant changes in bermudagrass cover. Common bermudagrass has numerous rhizomes and stolons (Holt, 1989), strategies for competition and persistence that are thought to have evolved under high levels of disturbance such as intensive grazing (Grime, 1979). Mathews et al. (1994) found that when a mixed pasture containing upright-growing ‘Callie’ bermudagrass (90% by weight) and common bermudagrass (10%) was continuously stocked, the percentage of common bermudagrass increased to 38% after two grazing seasons while on rotationally stocked pastures, it remained in the range of 10 to 17%. They suggested that the rest period between grazings on rotationally stocked pastures allowed the taller-growing Callie to shade common bermudagrass, suppressing and limiting its encroachment. Both in the study by Mathews et al. (1994) and in the current study, maintaining a shorter grazing height throughout the season provided greater opportunity for common bermudagrass to compete for light and spread to new areas in the pasture.

There were linear and quadratic effects of height on change in both bermudagrass and vaseygrass cover. Bermudagrass cover increased most for the 20-cm treatment and to a lesser degree for both 40- and 60-cm pastures while vaseygrass cover decreased most for the 20-cm treatment. Thus, despite the reduction in vaseygrass density and cover due to close grazing, common bermudagrass and not limpograss benefited most and increased in percentage cover. This indicates that common bermudagrass is likely to become an important invader of closely grazed, continuously stocked limpograss pastures.

From an ecological perspective, close grazing (a threshold that depends on the grass species) can be regarded as a high level of disturbance to pasture ecosystems. But, as stated by Radosevich et al. (1997), the effect of cattle grazing on weeds is not always a direct one of plants being grazed to extinction but more a modification of the competitive ability of the plant. In the current study, as the grazing height decreased, competitive ability of vaseygrass decreased as suggested by the decline in density and cover. Additionally, this effect on density seemed to carry over during the recovery period after the disturbance had ceased. The decrease in vaseygrass plant numbers for the 20-cm treatment during the recovery period suggests that there was some continued weakening of existing plants due to grazing during the previous years and frosts during the cool season. There was no change in vaseygrass frequency of occurrence, indicating that additional invasion did not occur during the 10-mo recovery period. Also, during the 10-mo recovery period, vaseygrass density increased on pastures that had previously been grazed to taller canopy heights. With less cumulative stress on existing vaseygrass plants in taller pastures and perhaps greater opportunity for seed set compared with the 20-cm pastures, some vaseygrass recovery was observed, especially on 60-cm treatments.

In summary, continuous stocking of limpograss pastures to any canopy height between 20 and 60 cm likely will decrease the density of vaseygrass plants, and the extent of this decrease will become more pronounced as canopy height is lowered. In the lower portion of this range in canopy height, common bermudagrass may become an important invader of limpograss. Thus, grazing continuously stocked limpograss to a 20-cm canopy height is not recommended. A 40-cm canopy height appears to be superior because it results in a slight decrease in vaseygrass density, little additional invasion by bermudagrass, and the highest heifer daily gain (0.64 kg) while supporting an average stocking rate of 6.3 heifers ha^-1 during midsummer to early autumn (Newman et al., 2002).

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Ser. no. R-08763.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 

• Adjei, M.B., P. Mislevy, R.S. Kalmbacher, and P. Busey. 1989. Production, quality, and persistence of tropical grasses as influenced by grazing frequency. Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. 48:1–6.
• Bogdan, A.V. 1977. Tropical pasture and fodder plants. Longman, New York.
• Caponio, I., and C.L. Quarin. 1990. Intra- and interspecific hybridization between dallisgrass and vaseygrass. Crop Sci. 30:362–364.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Chambliss, C.G., W.E. Kunkle, L.E. Sollenberger, W.F. Brown, and K.H. Quesenberry. 1999. Limpograss. p. 32–35. In C.G. Chambliss (ed.) Florida forage handbook. IFAS Publ. SP 253. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
• Chaparro, C.J., L.E. Sollenberger, and K.H. Quesenberry. 1996. Light interception, reserve status, and persistence of clipped Mott elephantgrass swards. Crop Sci. 36:649–655.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Chapman, D.F., and G. Lemaire. 1993. Morphogenetic and structural determinants of plant regrowth after defoliation. p. 55–64. In M.J. Baker et al. (ed.) Proc. Int. Grassl. Congr., 17th, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 8–21 Feb. 1993. Keeling and Mundy, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
• Elzinga, C., D. Salzer, and J.W. Willoughby. 1998. Measuring and monitoring plant populations. Tech. Ref. 1730–1. U.S. Bureau of Land Manage., Denver, CO.
• Gates, R.N., G.M. Hill, and G.W. Burton. 1999. Response of selected and unselected bahiagrass populations to defoliations. Agron. J. 91:787–795.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Hanson, A.A. 1965. Grass varieties in the United States. USDA-ARS Agric. Handb. 170. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC.
• Holt, J.S. 1989. Phenology, biology, and competition of bermudagrass. Weed Technol. 3:433–435.
• Kalmbacher, R.S., P.H. Everett, F.G. Martin, K.H. Quesenberry, E.M. Hodges, O.C. Ruelke, and S.C. Schank. 1987. Yield and persistence of perennial grasses at Immokalee, Florida: 1981 to 1984. Bull. 865. Univ. of Florida., Gainesville.
• Lima, G.F.C., L.E. Sollenberger, W.E. Kunkle, J.E. Moore, and A.C. Hammond. 1999. Nitrogen fertilization and supplementation effects on performance of beef heifers grazing limpograss. Crop Sci. 39:1853–1858.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Mathews, B.W., L.E. Sollenberger, and C.R. Staples. 1994. Dairy heifer and bermudagrass pasture responses to rotational and continuous stocking. J. Dairy Sci. 77:244–252.[Abstract]
• Mislevy, P. 1979. Encroachment of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in subtropical and tropical perennial grasses. p. 119–120. In Proc. Southern Pasture and Forage Crop Improvement Conf., 36th, Beltsville, MD. 1–3 May 1979. USDA, New Orleans, LA.
• Mislevy, P., and L.S. Dunavin. 1993. Management and utilization of bermudagrass and bahiagrass in south Florida. p. 1–12. In Proc. Annu. Florida Beef Cattle Short Course, 42nd, Gainesville, FL. 5–7 May 1993. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville.
• Newman, Y.C., L.E. Sollenberger, W.E. Kunkle, and C.G. Chambliss. 2002. Canopy height and nitrogen supplementation effects on performance of heifers grazing limpograss. Agron. J. 94:1375–1380.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Pitman, W.D., R.V. Machen, and K.R. Pond. 1994. Grazing evaluation of ‘Bigalta’ and ‘Floralta’ limpograss. Crop Sci. 34:210–214.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Radosevich, S.R., J. Holt, and C. Ghersa. 1997. Weed ecology: Implications for management. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
• SAS Institute. 1996. SAS/STAT software: Changes and enhancements through release 6.11. SAS Inst., Cary, NC.
• Sollenberger, L.E., G.F. Lima, J.F. Holderbaum, W.E. Kunkle, J.E. Moore, and A.C. Hammond. 1997. Cattle weight gain and sward–animal nitrogen relationships in grazed Hemarthria altissima pastures. p. 29:43–44. In Proc. Int. Grassl. Congress, 18th, Winnipeg, MB, and Saskatoon, SK, Canada. 8–17 June 1997. Grasslands 2000, Toronto.
• Sollenberger, L.E., W.R. Ocumpaugh, V.P.B. Euclides, J.E. Moore, K.H. Quesenberry, and C.S. Jones, Jr. 1988. Animal performance on continuously stocked ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass and ‘Floralta’ limpograss pastures. J. Prod. Agric. 1:216–220.
• Sollenberger, L.E., G.A. Rusland, C.S. Jones, Jr., K.A. Albrecht, and K.L. Gieger. 1989. Animal and forage responses on rotationally grazed ‘Floralta’ limpograss and ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass pastures. Agron. J. 81:760–764.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				Y. C. Newman and L. E. Sollenberger Grazing Management and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Vaseygrass Persistence in Limpograss Pastures Crop Sci., August 26, 2005; 45(5): 2038 - 2043. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (1) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Agricola Articles by Newman, Y. C. Articles by Chambliss, C. G. Related Collections Forage Management Grazing Management Other Forage Crops Crop Ecology