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WASTE MANAGEMENT

Soil Properties as Influenced by Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-Based Manure and Compost Applications

USDA-ARS, Dep. of Agron. and Hortic., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583

* Corresponding author (beghball1{at}unl.edu)

Received for publication March 29, 2001.

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
Manure or compost application based on N needs of corn (Zea mays L.) may result in soil accumulation of P, N, and other ions, since the manure or compost N/P ratio is usually smaller than the corn N/P uptake ratio. This study was conducted from 1992 to 1996 to evaluate the effects of annual or biennial application of N- and P-based composted and noncomposted beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot manure on soil properties. Fertilized and unfertilized checks were also included. Soil surface (0–15 cm) pH significantly increased with N-based manure (MN) or compost application (CN), but decreased with NH₄–N fertilizer application as compared with the check. Soil bulk density was unaffected by manure or compost application. After 4 yr of manure and compost applications, soil surface (0–15 cm) C and N concentrations and quantities were greater for N- than P-based management systems. About 25% of applied manure C and 36% of applied compost C remained in the soil after 4 yr of application, indicating greater C sequestration with composted than noncomposted manure. No significant difference was observed between fertilizer and check plots for soil total C or N. Soil properties in the 15- to 30-cm increment were unaffected by the applied treatments except soil electrical conductivity (EC). Residual soil NO₃ to a depth of 1.2 m was greater for inorganic fertilizer than manure and compost treatments in drier years. Soil property changes were greater for the annual or biennial N-based than P-based manure or compost applications, reflecting the differences in application amounts.

Abbreviations: CN, compost application for corn N needs • CP, compost for corn P needs • EC, electrical conductivity • MN, manure application for corn N needs • MN2Y, manure for corn N needs for 2 yr • MP, manure application for corn P needs

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
BEEF CATTLE FEEDING is concentrated in the Central and Southern Great Plains. At any one time, there are at least 10 million head of beef cattle on feed in the United States (USDA, 1997) generating manure that contains 529900 Mg N, 157000 Mg P, and 482000 Mg K each year, based on manure N, P, and K concentrations (Overcash et al., 1983). In addition to nutrients, beef cattle feedlot manure also contains 15% C that can be used to improve soil physical and chemical properties. Carbon in manure is likely to have far greater value than the nutrients it contains if applied to a low organic matter or eroded soil.

Composting manure is a useful method of producing a stabilized product that can be stored or spread with little odor or fly-breeding potential. The other advantages of composting include killing pathogens and weed seeds, and improving handling characteristics of manure by reducing manure volume and weight. However, composting has some disadvantages that include nutrient and C loss during composting, the cost of land, equipment, and labor required for composting, and odor associated with composting.

Manure application in excess of crop requirements can cause a significant buildup of P, N, and salt in soil. After 18 yr of manure application, surface soil cation exchange capacity, total organic C, and total N increased with increasing rate of manure application (Gao and Chang, 1996). Schlegel (1992) found that soil P, K, and organic matter increased with increasing rate of composted beef cattle feedlot manure applied from 1987 to 1990, while increasing rates of synthetic N fertilizer application decreased soil P and K, but had no effect on soil organic matter content. In this study, soil nitrate levels were unaffected by compost application but increased with chemical fertilizer application. In another study, eleven annual applications of cattle feedlot manure increased soil organic matter, total N, NO₃, total P, available P, soluble Na, Ca+Mg, Cl, SO₄, HCO₃, and Zn (Chang et al., 1991). About 1 Mg ha^-1 NO₃–N accumulated at the recommended application rate of 30 Mg ha^-1 yr^-1 after 11 yr of application. Davis et al. (1997) showed that residual soil NO₃–N after heavy manure application was greater in heavy-textured soils than sandy soils. Chang and Janzen (1996) found that losses of N through leaching and volatilization were less for rainfed than irrigated treatments when annual beef cattle feedlot manure was applied. The proportion of manure N mineralized was independent of manure rate and irrigation, and during 20 yr of manure application, 56% of manure N was mineralized.

Soil pH may be influenced by manure application. Eghball (1999) found that application of beef cattle feedlot manure or compost increased the soil surface (0–15 cm) pH while N application as NH₄NO₃ significantly reduced the pH (from 6.4 to 5.6). The increase in soil pH with manure and compost application was attributed to a beef cattle diet that contains 15 g CaCO₃ kg^-1. Manure and compost effects on soil pH depends on the initial soil pH level. Chang et al. (1991) reported that the EC and sodium absorption ratio of soil increased and soil pH decreased with increasing rate of manure application (soil pH in the 0–15 cm was 7.8 and manure had a mean pH of 7.3). In another study, manure application counteracted the lowering of soil pH associated with fertilizer application (Magdoff and Amadon, 1980).

Soil organic matter increases with manure application. In a long-term study in Germany, more than 100 yr of manure application increased soil organic matter fractions associated with the fine and medium silt fractions, while clay-associated fragments were higher in the unfertilized treatment (Schulten and Leinweber, 1991). Vitosh et al. (1973) calculated the organic matter content increase of 0.1% each year in a sandy loam soil with the application of 67.2 Mg ha^-1 fresh cattle manure. Cattle feedlot manure application increased total organic C, total N, potentially mineralizable N, soluble P, and soil microbial biomass, compared with soils receiving no manure (Fraser et al., 1988).

Organic matter in manure may decrease the bulk density of the amended soil. Surface (0–15 cm) soil bulk density decreased from 0.96 Mg m^-3 with no manure to 0.78 Mg m^-3 with 90 Mg ha^-1 (wet weight) manure application (Sommerfeldt and Chang, 1985). The 15- to 30-cm soil bulk density was lowest when manure was plowed under as compared with manure incorporation by rototilling or cultivation.

Manure or compost application to provide for corn N requirements greatly increases soil levels of P (Eghball and Power, 1999). This is because the N/P ratios of beef cattle feedlot manure and composted manure are significantly smaller than N/P uptake ratios of most crops. The N/P ratio was 2.6 for feedlot manure and 1.9 for composted manure (Eghball et al., 1997), while N/P grain uptake ratios of winter wheat, corn, and grain sorghum were 4.5, 5.9, and 4.5, respectively (Gilbertson et al., 1979). Manure and compost applications based on nutrient management strategies (i.e., N- or P-based) would reduce the negative agronomic and environmental effects of the usual certain Mg per hectare application rates. Information on the effects of these manure management strategies is needed, as more states are adopting these approaches. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of application frequency and N and P-based applications of composted and noncomposted manure on soil C, N, NO₃–N, NH₄–N, pH, and EC levels, and soil bulk density.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
The experiment was initiated in 1992 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudolls) under rainfed conditions at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Center near Mead, NE. Growing season rainfall (1 May to 15 October) was 773, 558, 307, and 425 mm in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively. Average rainfall during this period in the last 30 yr was 493 mm. Rainfall from 1 June to 31 August for the above years was 595, 405, 107, and 215 mm, respectively. The plots were irrigated three times in 1995 for a total of 75 mm during July and August to avoid losing the experiment. The study area had a Bray and Kurtz no. 1 soil P test of 69 mg kg^-1, a pH of 6.2, and a soil organic matter content of 31 g kg^-1 in the top 15 cm.

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. The 10 treatments applied included annual or biennial manure or compost application based on N or P removal by corn (151 kg N ha^-1 and 25.8 kg P ha^-1 for an expected yield level of 9.4 Mg ha^-1; Gilbertson et al., 1979) and fertilized and unfertilized checks. Fertilizer application was made in the spring each year. The inorganic fertilizer plots received N as NH₄NO₃ (34–0–0, N–P–K) and P as superphosphate (0–20–0, N–P–K) in 1993, and diammonium phosphate (18–20–0, N–P–K) in 1994, 1995, and 1996. If necessary, the P-based treatments (annual or biennial application) also received N fertilizer as NH₄NO₃ in the spring so that a total of 151 kg N ha^-1 was available to the crop.

Beef cattle manure was collected from the feedlot pens in late spring each year and composted for 4 mo, using active composting with turning. Beef cattle feedlot manure (collected in the autumn) and composted feedlot manure were applied in the autumn of 1992 based on the assumption that 40, 20, 10, and 5% of the total N in manure or compost would become plant available in the first, second, third, and fourth year after application, respectively, based on a modification of decay series given by Pratt et al. (1973). The first year N availability assumption from compost was found to be too high, based on N uptake in 1993 (Eghball and Power, 1999), and were changed to 20, 20, 10, and 5% in the first, second, third and fourth year after compost applications in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Hadas and Portnoy (1994) found a N release range of 11% to 29% for composted manure. Phosphorus plant-availability assumptions from manure and compost were 40, 20, 10, and 10% of total P in the first, second, third, and fourth year after applications in 1993 and 1994. Phosphorus availability assumptions from manure and compost were changed to 60, 20, 10, and 10% for the application years of 1994 and 1995. The N and P availability assumptions are only approximations, as mineralization of organic materials depends on several factors that vary from year to year (temperature, moisture, organic matter composition, and soil/organic matter contact).

Biennial manure or compost applications were made to provide 151 kg N ha^-1 for N-based rates and 25.8 kg P ha^-1 for P-based rates in the second year after application, based on the assumptions given above. Overapplication of N and P were made in the first year of application for the biennial manure and compost treatments. Residual N and P values, based on the availability assumptions from previous years, were considered when manure or compost was applied.

Manure or compost application was made in late autumn after corn harvest. Manure and compost were applied by hand to plots 12.2-m long and 4.6-m wide (6 corn rows). Manure and compost characteristics are given in Table 1. Manure characteristic are influenced by species and age of the animal, ration fed, collection and storage method, and climate. These can cause variability in manure composition from year to year. Total N in manure and compost was determined on air-dried samples (corrected for ammonium loss during drying) based on the method described by Schepers et al. (1989). Total P was determined on air-dried manure and compost samples based on the Knudsen et al. (1981) method in 1992 and 1993, and by the Perchloric method in 1994 and 1995 (Johnson and Ulrich, 1959). Nitrate and ammonium were determined by extracting wet manure and compost samples with 2 M KCl and then using a Lachat system (Zellweger Analytics, Milwaukee, WI). The high ash contents of manure and compost reflect inclusion of soil by the animal hoof action during wet periods or by scrapping feedlot soil when manure is collected from the feedlot surface. The amounts of manure and compost, and N and P applied for each treatment are given in Table 2. Manure and compost were applied and incorporated to the top 10-cm soil by disking within 2 d after application. Corn (Pioneer brand hybrid 3394) was planted at a seeding rate of 47000 seeds ha^-1 and a row spacing of 0.76 m. Weed control was achieved by band application of herbicide in the corn rows at planting and by cultivation. Additional information regarding corn yield and N and P uptake is reported in Eghball and Power (1999).

Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data using PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Inst., Cary, NC; Littell et al., 1996). Year and depth increments were used as repeated observations in this analysis. A probability level of 0.05 was considered significant.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
Significant year x treatment interactions were observed for the surface soil (0–15 cm) total N and total C concentrations and pH and EC levels (Table 3). Total N and C quantities were significantly influenced by year of sampling (Table 3). These quantities increased with increasing years of manure and compost applications. Total C concentration in the surface soil was generally greater for N- than P-based manure and compost applications, and the differences became greater with years of application (Fig. 1) , indicating the cumulative effects of manure and compost application. Total N concentrations for the treatments across years had a similar pattern as the total C concentration (Fig. 2) . Biennial N-based compost treatment resulted in greater soil surface (0–15 cm) C and N concentrations than annual N-based compost in the fourth year (1996), even though similar total amounts of compost were applied for both treatments in 4 yr (Fig. 1 and 2; Table 2). This indicates that heavy application of compost every other year may protect the C and N from mineralization, as compared with smaller annual rates.

View larger version (38K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Surface soil (0–15 cm) total carbon concentration for 10 treatments in 4 yr. The vertical bars are standard errors, CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Surface soil (0–15 cm) total N concentration for 10 treatments in 4 yr. The vertical bars are standard errors, CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

After one-time manure or compost applications (1993), surface soil pH was slightly increased or remained similar to the original soil level (Fig. 3) . After 4 yr of MN or CN, surface soil pH significantly increased as compared with MP, CP, or the original soil level, but decreased with fertilizer application (Fig. 3). Eghball (1999) showed that beef cattle manure and compost contain CaCO₃ (added in the diet) that will maintain or increase soil pH when applied to a low-pH soil. Ammonium nitrate and (NH₄)₂HPO₄ applications decreased soil pH from 6.4 to 5.6 after 4 yr. The acidifying effects of the added N fertilizer would have been greater if an all-ammonium-N source (i.e., anhydrous ammonia) had been applied. Soil surface (0–15 cm) EC increased with annual or biennial MN and CN, as compared with P-based applications, reflecting the differences in application amounts between the two strategies (Fig. 4) . Surface soil plant available P was significantly greater for N-based than for P-based applications, indicating that P accumulation occurs with N-based applications (Eghball and Power, 1999).

View larger version (49K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Surface soil (0–15 cm) pH for 10 treatments in 4 yr. The vertical bars are standard errors, CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

View larger version (47K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Surface soil (0–15 cm) electrical conductivity for 10 treatments in 4 yr. The vertical bars are standard errors, CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Soil nitrate-N concentration to a depth of 1.2 m for 10 treatments in 4 yr. CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Soil nitrate-N quantity to a depth of 1.2 m for 10 treatments in 4 yr. The vertical bars are standard errors, CN is compost for N, CP is compost for P, MN is manure for N, MP is manure for P, FR is inorganic fertilizer, CK is check, and 2Y is biennial application.

	SUMMARY

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
Soil C and N concentrations were greater for annual or biennial N-based applications than MP and CP after 4 yr, reflecting the differences in application rates. Soil nitrate concentrations and quantities were similar for manure, compost, and fertilizer treatments in the best corn-producing year (1994), but were much greater for fertilizer than manure and compost treatments in the drier years (1995 and 1996). In the drier years, less N in manure and compost was mineralized, and residual build up of soil NO₃ was not expected. Soil pH was increased or maintained near the original soil level when N-based manure or compost was applied, but was significantly reduced with the application of NH₄–N. Manure and composted manure contained 9 g CaCO₃ kg^-1 (lime was added to the beef cattle diet), indicating potential liming effects of manure or compost. Soil EC level increased with increasing rates of manure or compost application. Soil bulk density was unaffected by manure, compost, or fertilizer application, indicating that the amount of organic matter applied was not enough to change the soil bulk density in this silty clay loam soil with an original organic matter content of 31 g kg^-1. Changes in soil properties were greater for annual or biennial CN and MN than CP and MP, probably because greater amounts of manure and compost were applied with N- than P-based strategy. Annual or biennial MN or CN rates can be made to less productive or degraded areas within a field where potential for P loss in runoff is negligible. Soil P levels will eventually increase with N-based applications, and needs to be considered when subsequent manure or compost additions are made to the soil.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 
Joint contribution of USDA-ARS and Univ. of Nebraska Agric. Res. Div., Lincoln, NE, as paper no. 12996.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY REFERENCES

 

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