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FORAGES

Yield, Yield Distribution, and Nutritive Value of Intensively Managed Warm-Season Annual Grasses

^a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Caixa Postal 569, Passo Fundo, RS 99001-970, Brazil
^b Agron. Dep., P.O. Box 110300, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0300
^c Dep. of Animal Sci., P.O. Box 110920, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0920

* Corresponding author (les{at}gnv.ifas.ufl.edu)

Received for publication January 26, 2001.

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
The annual grasses pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] and sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are alternatives to warm-season perennials in forage systems for lactating dairy cows (Bos taurus) in the southern USA. Large fluctuations in forage production during a short growing season, however, make their management difficult. During 2 yr, seeding date and cultivar effects on dry matter (DM) yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value of these grasses were measured, and treatments were replicated four times. There were four seeding dates in 1996 starting on 10 May and six in 1997 starting on 20 March. Seeding dates were 3 wk apart. Three millet (‘GK 600’, ‘Millex 32’, and ‘Tifleaf 2’) and two sorghum (‘Hygrazer’ and ‘SX 15’) cultivars were tested. Soils were a loamy, siliceous, thermic Grossarenic Paleaquult and a hyperthermic Grossarenic Paleudult. Total DM yield, averaged across cultivars, decreased from 7.4 to 5.6 Mg ha^-1 from the first to the fourth seeding date in 1996 and from 7.4 to 4.4 Mg ha^-1 from the first to the sixth seeding date in 1997. Leaf percentage generally was above 70% and often greatest for Tifleaf 2. Seasonal distribution of DM was affected by planting date but not by cultivar. In conclusion, choice of species or cultivar had less impact on the responses measured than did planting date. Seeding at two dates approximately 3 to 6 wk apart is a good strategy for improving yield distribution of these cultivars and providing high nutritive value forage for nearly 5 mo.

Abbreviations: CP, crude protein • DM, dry matter • IVOMD, in vitro organic matter digestibility

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
GREATER VOLATILITY IN MILK PRICES, increasing cost of production, and more regulatory pressure to recycle livestock wastes on farm have made homegrown feeds and grazed forage more attractive for dairies in the southeastern USA (Bull, 1995; Sollenberger et al., 1995). In this region, warm-season perennial grasses are major contributors to forage programs and are less costly and have a longer growing season than annuals like pearl millet (Hill et al., 1999). It is important to note, however, that the perennial grasses are comparatively lower in digestible energy and higher in fiber than the annuals (Hill et al., 1999), and low forage quality of perennials may be limiting for higher producing dairy cows.

Pearl millet and sorghum-sudangrass contribute to the development of year-round forage systems where forage quality is very important, such as with lactating dairy cows or rapidly growing animals (Fribourg, 1995). These species are upright growing, leafy, drought tolerant, and responsive to N fertilization (Fribourg, 1995). Yields are high, but their rapid growth rates over a short season make grazing management difficult (McCartor and Rouquette, 1977; Rouquette et al., 1980). McCartor and Rouquette (1977) reported that stocking rate required to maintain a given grazing pressure varied several fold during a 90-d grazing season, and consistent liveweight gains were difficult to maintain with summer annuals. Improving the distribution of dry matter (DM) production of these species would increase their impact on animal production systems. It is important to assess whether seasonal distribution of DM production varies between forage species or among cultivars within species. Additionally, seeding annual forages at different dates may improve forage distribution and result in forage of high nutritive value for a greater proportion of the growing season (Causley, 1990; Chambliss et al., 1999).

Within the broad objective of assessing the potential of warm-season annual grasses for pasture-based dairies in the southeastern USA, research is needed that describes performance of these forage species when managed intensively. The purpose of this study was to compare total yield, seasonal distribution of DM production, and herbage nutritive value of pearl millet and sorghum-sudangrass cultivars seeded at different dates, fertilized at relatively high N rates, and harvested frequently at immature growth stages.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
The research was conducted in 1996 and 1997 at the Forage Evaluation Field Laboratory approximately 24 km northeast of Gainesville, FL. Soils at the 1996 test location belonged to the Plummer series, and at the 1997 test location, they belonged to the Sparr series. Mean soil pH across both experimental sites was 6.4, and Mehlich-I extractable P and K averaged 18 and 37 mg kg^-1, respectively.

Treatments were factorial combinations of cultivars and 3-wk interval seeding dates. Three cultivars were pearl millet [Tifleaf 2 (Hanna et al., 1988), GK 600, and Millex 32], and two were sorghum-sudangrass (Hygrazer and SX 15). Seeding dates were 10 and 31 May, 21 June, and 12 July 1996 and 20 March, 10 April, 1 and 22 May, 10 June, and 1 July 1997. Treatments were arranged as a split-plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Seeding date was the main plot and cultivar the subplot. Subplot area in 1996 was 8.1 m² (six rows, 0.3 m apart and 4.5 m long), and the sampling unit size was 3.6 m² (four rows by 3 m of row length). In 1997, the subplot area was increased to 16.8 m² (seven rows, 0.3 m apart and 8-m long), and the sampling unit area was 6.3 m² (three rows by 7 m of row length).

Fertilizer was applied at rates of 200, 18, and 66 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 N, P, and K, respectively. All P and K and 40 kg N ha^-1 were applied 1 wk after seeding. The remaining N was split in four equal applications (40 kg N ha^-1 each) after the first four harvests of each seeding date. Because most dairy farms that would use these forages have access to irrigation, all plots were irrigated as needed during the first month after seeding to ensure establishment. If rainfall was <25 mm wk^-1, irrigation was added so that the sum of weekly rainfall plus irrigation was 25 mm.

Plants were clipped to a 10-cm stubble height using a sickle-bar mower when they were 50- to 60-cm tall. Harvests were made every 2 to 4 wk for a total of four to eight harvests per year; earlier seeding dates had the greater number of harvests. Response variables measured were total season DM yield, DM yield by harvest, average forage growth rate, leaf percentage, and nutritive value as described by crude protein (CP) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of total herbage, leaf, and stem. Average forage growth rates were calculated as DM yield divided by number of days since seeding (for the first harvest) or since the last harvest (for all subsequent harvests).

In each harvest, two subsamples were taken per plot, one of about 0.5 kg to dry immediately and the other of about 0.2 kg to separate by hand into leaf (blade) and stem (stem plus sheath). After drying at 60°C for 48 h, total herbage and plant-part samples were ground to pass a 1-mm screen and analyzed for N and IVOMD. Samples were digested for N determination using a modification of the aluminum block digestion procedure of Gallaher et al. (1975). Ammonia in the digestate was determined by semiautomated colorimetry (Hambleton, 1977). Crude protein was calculated as N (g kg^-1) x 6.25. In vitro organic matter digestion was determined using the two-stage procedure (Tilley and Terry, 1963) modified by Moore and Mott (1974). The donor cow was fed a diet of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hay with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal 2 h before collection of inoculum.

Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, with seeding dates, cultivars, and their interaction as fixed effects. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to assess harvest-date effects for each response variable using the SAS system for mixed models (Littell et al., 1996). Differences were considered to be significant at P < 0.05. Means were separated using the F-protected least significant difference (LSD) test in the SAS system (SAS Inst., 1989). Linear regression analyses were performed using days after first seeding date as the independent variable and responses as dependent variables. The general polynomial model was

where ß₀ is the intercept, ß₁ is the coefficient for the linear effect of days after first seeding (x₁), ß₂ is the coefficient for the quadratic effect of days after first seeding , ß_k is the coefficient for the kth effect of days after first seeding , and is experimental error. Equations were generated using treatment averages of each response variable.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Forage Yield
Seeding date (P < 0.01) and cultivar (P = 0.01) affected total DM yield, but there was no cultivar x seeding date interaction (P = 0.19) in 1996. Interaction did occur (P < 0.01) in 1997.

Across cultivars, forage DM yield decreased linearly at a rate of 25 to 30 kg ha^-1 d^-1 for each day seeding was delayed in 1996. In 1997, forage DM yield also decreased linearly with later seeding at a rate of 23 to 36 kg ha^-1 d^-1 for all cultivars, except Tifleaf 2 millet. Tifleaf 2 tended to maintain forage yield from March to June seedings (Table 1). Greater DM yield for early seedings during the spring through summer period has been reported for several warm-season annual grasses (Moomaw and Mader, 1991; Hattab and Harb, 1991; Mohammad, 1995). These authors attributed the lower yield of later seedings to summer droughts, cool fall temperatures, and shorter days. In the current experiment, with the exception of Tifleaf 2 in 1997, greatest total DM yield per harvest was obtained with an early seeding date for all cultivars.

Yield Distribution
Yield distribution of warm-season annuals is of interest because they tend to have short seasons of production with very high initial growth rates. In this experiment, effects of cultivars on seasonal distribution of DM were not significant (data not presented).

The effect of seeding date was more pronounced. To assess this effect, average forage growth rate data are presented. To simplify presentation, data are shown for an early, intermediate, and late seeding date each year (Fig. 1 and 2) . Each curve represents the average of the five cultivars for a given seeding date. For both years, the highest average daily growth rate of 100 to 115 kg ha^-1 DM occurred during late spring and early summer for early seeding dates. For these seeding dates, average growth rates of at least one-half of maximum (50–60 kg ha^-1 d^-1) lasted for about 7 to 8 wk (10 May–3 July 1996 and 22 May–10 July 1997). Later plantings on 31 May 1996 and 22 May 1997 did not result in growth rates >80 kg ha^-1 d^-1 DM, but average growth rates of 40 kg ha^-1 d^-1 were sustained for more than 100 and 90 d in 1996 and 1997, respectively. One reasonable alternative to increasing the period of production may be using at least two seeding dates with 3 to 6 wk between seedings. Based on 1996 data (Fig. 1), combining the 10 May seeding date with either the 31 May or 12 July seeding date maintained growth rate of one of the planted areas above 30 kg ha^-1 d^-1 DM for slightly <5 mo. In 1997, the yield response for the 22 May seeding was not as great or as long lasting as for 31 May 1996, and the period during which at least one of the planted areas would have growth rates >30 kg ha^-1 d^-1 was approximately 4 mo. Using 1 July instead of 22 May 1997 as the second seeding date in combination with the 10 Apr. 1997 seeding date would have extended this period to just <5 mo. These data suggest that forage distribution may be improved and the autumn forage deficit reduced by seeding pearl millet and/or sorghum-sudangrass cultivars at two dates.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Average growth rate of three pearl millet and two sorghum-sudangrass cultivars seeded at three dates in 1996. Error bars show standard errors of date means.

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Average growth rate of three pearl millet and two sorghum-sudangrass cultivars seeded at three dates in 1997. Error bars show standard errors of date means.

Leaf Percentage
The management used prioritized forage nutritive value instead of yield, and leaf percentage was high. There was no seeding date x cultivar interaction for leaf percentage in 1996 (P = 0.88), but this interaction did occur in 1997 (P = 0.03). Also, annual average leaf percentage was similar among cultivars (P = 0.71) in 1996 and ranged from 70 to 75%. In 1997, Tifleaf 2 pearl millet had the highest leaf percentage for the March–June seeding dates, except for early April when it did not differ from GK 600 millet (Table 2). For the July seeding date, Millex 32 pearl millet had the lowest leaf percentage (Table 2). On average, Hygrazer sorghum had intermediate leafiness, about 75%, while SX 15 sorghum and Millex 32 were less leafy but still approached 70% leaf for total DM produced. Mulcahy and Stuart (1987) tested forage sorghum cultivars and found leaf/stem ratio ranging from 2.2 for ‘Magic’, a late-maturing cultivar, to 0.57 for ‘Trudan’ and 0.43 for ‘Piper’. ‘Gahi-1’ pearl millet, when cut at a 50-cm height to a 25-cm stubble, yielded 14 Mg ha^-1 DM, containing 90% leaf (Fribourg, 1995). Increasing leaf percentage in pearl millet has been associated with greater forage digestibility (Hanna et al., 1979).

Nutritive Value
Total Herbage Crude Protein
No cultivar x seeding date interaction for total herbage CP (P > 0.68) was observed in either year. The earliest seeding dates had the lowest CP concentration in both years. There may be two reasons for this response. Earlier seeding dates had a greater number of harvests (seven to eight relative to four to five), and the N fertilization protocol provided that N applications occur only after the first four harvests. Thus, later seeding dates had a greater proportion of harvests that were preceded by N application and lower yields, resulting in less dilution of N. Additionally, some N applications for the late seeding-date treatments occurred after the heaviest summer rains had concluded, rains that may have leached some N from soil under earlier seeding dates. Therefore, more N fertilizer applied per harvest and perhaps less leaching of fertilizer N characterized later seeding dates. In Jordan, Hattab and Harb (1991) found no effect of sorghum-sudangrass seeding date on herbage CP, and the range of CP in their studies was 124 to 80 g kg^-1 DM for the first to fifth harvest. Total herbage CP concentration was similar among genotypes in 1996 (P = 0.17), but in 1997, SX 15 sorghum-sudangrass had the lowest (P = 0.04) CP concentration (Table 3).

Leaf and Stem Crude Protein
There was no cultivar x seeding date interaction (P > 0.50) for leaf or stem CP in 1996 or 1997; however, differences (P < 0.05) existed among seeding dates in both years. Leaf and stem CP concentrations increased from May to July seeding dates in 1996 (Table 3). In 1997, the last three seeding dates had greater leaf CP concentration than March and early May seedings (170 vs. 150 g kg^-1 DM). Differences for stem CP in 1997 were limited to the early May seeding date that was lowest in CP concentration (75 g kg^-1 DM) and the early April seeding (111 g kg^-1 DM) that was higher than all but the March and late-May seedings.

There were no differences among cultivars for leaf CP concentration in 1996 (P > 0.18), and the average across cultivars was 165 g kg^-1 DM (Table 3). In 1997, sorghum-sudangrass SX 15 had lower leaf CP than Hygrazer sorghum-sudangrass and Millex 32 pearl millet (Table 3). Cultivars had similar stem CP concentration in 1996 (P > 0.32; average of 117 g kg^-1 DM). In 1997, pearl millet cultivars had greater stem CP concentration (102 g kg^-1 DM) than sorghum-sudangrass cultivars (86 g kg^-1 DM), similar to the trend in 1996.

Leaf and Stem In Vitro Organic Matter Digestibility
There was no cultivar x seeding date interaction (P > 0.23) for IVOMD of leaf and stem components in 1996 and 1997, but there were seeding-date effects on leaf and stem in 1996 and leaf in 1997 (P < 0.05). In 1996, the early June seeding had the greatest leaf and stem IVOMD (Table 3). In 1997, May seedings had lower leaf IVOMD than April or July seedings, but there were no seeding-date effects for stem IVOMD (Table 3). Although seeding-date differences were observed for leaf IVOMD, in general, IVOMD was quite high and occurred in a relatively narrow range of 680 to 710 g kg^-1 OM for leaf and 630 to 690 g kg^-1 OM for stem.

There were cultivar differences for leaf IVOMD in both years (P < 0.01) and for stem IVOMD in 1997. Sorghum-sudangrass SX 15 had the greatest leaf IVOMD in both years (Table 3). There were no differences among cultivars for stem IVOMD in 1996 (P = 0.44). In 1997, SX 15 was superior but did not differ from Hygrazer sorghum-sudangrass (Table 3).

	SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
A 2-yr experiment compared yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value of pearl millet and sorghum-sudangrass cultivars seeded at different dates and harvested frequently. Total herbage yield decreased linearly as seeding date was delayed. Yield and yield distribution differences among cultivars were small and not consistent from year to year. Forage distribution was improved and autumn forage deficit reduced by seeding pearl millet and sorghum-sudangrass cultivars at two or more seeding dates.

Leaf percentage for most cultivars decreased linearly as seeding date was delayed. Tifleaf 2 millet had, or tended to have, the greatest leaf percentage. Nutritive value was high, and CP concentration across seeding dates and cultivars ranged from 144 to 199, 75 to 148, and 127 to 178 g kg^-1 DM, respectively, for leaf, stem, and total herbage while IVOMD ranged from 675 to 712, 628 to 690, and 660 to 695 g kg^-1 OM for the same fractions. Total herbage and leaf CP concentrations were lowest for the earliest seeding dates. Among cultivars, there were no differences in IVOMD and CP concentration for total herbage, except for Year 2 when SX 15 had the lowest CP concentration for total herbage, leaf, and stem. It also had the highest leaf IVOMD in both years and highest stem IVOMD in Year 2.

These data show that warm-season annual grasses consistently provide high nutritive-value forage when harvested frequently. Differences between species and among cultivars within species were small, suggesting that environmental adaptation is the key factor affecting cultivar choice. Finally, these results suggest that multiple seeding dates have potential to improve forage distribution and extend the productive period of these cultivars an additional 30 to 60 d during a time of the year when warm-season perennial grasses have low nutritive value.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 
Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Ser. no. R-07974. This research was sponsored in part by USDA Special Grant 95-34135-1857 administered by the Caribbean Basin Advisory Group.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES

 

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This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (5) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fontaneli, R. S. Articles by Staples, C. R. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Fontaneli, R. S. Articles by Staples, C. R. Agricola Articles by Fontaneli, R. S. Articles by Staples, C. R. Related Collections Forage Management Other Forage Crops