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FORAGES

Nutritive Value Responses of Rhizoma Peanut to Nitrogen and Harvest Frequency

^a LSU AgCenter, Southeast Res. Stn., Franklinton, LA 70438
^b LSU AgCenter, Dep. of Agronomy, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-2110
^c LSU AgCenter, Rosepine Res. Stn., Rosepine, LA 70659

Corresponding author (dredfearn{at}agctr.lsu.edu)

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Management strategies to enhance or preserve nutritive value of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) would be beneficial because high plant growth rates and adverse weather at harvest often result in low nutritive value for both pastures and hay along the coastal plain of the lower Gulf Coast. The objective of this study was to determine if a 30- or 60-d harvest frequency or 0, 110, or 220 kg N ha^-1 fertilization could be managed to enhance crude protein (CP) yield and nutritive value of rhizoma peanut at three locations in Louisiana. Crude protein, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and digestible NDF (DNDF) were measured on `Florigraze' rhizoma peanut grown at three Louisiana locations in 1997 and 1998. Nitrogen fertilization increased CP yield approximately 80 kg ha^-1 for the 110 and 220 kg N ha^-1 treatments at two locations in 1 of 2 yr. Nitrogen fertilization affected nutritive value at two harvests at two locations in 1998 only. However, nutritive value was consistently lower for 60-d harvests than for 30-d harvests and was more consistent. Rhizoma peanut harvested in 1997 at 30-d intervals had 50 g kg^-1 greater CP, 72 g kg^-1 greater IVTD, and 40 g kg^-1 greater DNDF coupled with 80 g kg^-1 lower NDF than rhizoma peanut harvested at 60-d intervals. Likewise, there were seasonal influences on nutritive value. Responses in CP yield and nutritive value observed in this study were influenced more by environment (primarily rainfall) than by N fertilization and harvest management.

Abbreviations: CP, crude protein • DM, dry matter • DNDF, digestible neutral-detergent fiber • IVTD, in vitro true digestibility • NDF, neutral-detergent fiber

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
RHIZOMA PEANUT is a productive, warm-season perennial legume that provides an alternative to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) for the production of high quality forage in the lower Gulf Coast states (Venuto et al., 1999; Williams and Chambliss, 1999). The nutritive value of rhizoma peanut forage can be high enough to provide daily gains of up to 1 kg head^-1 for young, growing cattle stocked on rhizoma peanut pastures (Williams and Chambliss, 1999). Rhizoma peanut hay can be used as a cost-effective, locally grown substitute for commercial protein supplements in livestock rations (Williams and Chambliss, 1999). Sufficient information has accumulated, primarily from research and commercial production in Florida, to indicate that ranges of 130 to 160 g kg^-1 CP and 600 to 700 g kg^-1 in vitro digestibility are typical nutritive value levels for good quality rhizoma peanut hay (Williams and Chambliss, 1999).

High quality rhizoma peanut forage after about 2 wk of regrowth can be >200 g kg^-1 CP, up to 780 g kg^-1 in vitro digestibility, and almost all leaf with only minimal stems (Beltranena et al., 1981). However, this extremely high quality forage cannot be processed for hay by available equipment and is most efficiently harvested by grazing livestock. Even a 12-wk regrowth period resulted in a superior nutritive value to that of most warm-season grasses, with 140 g kg^-1 CP, 560 to 720 g kg-1 in vitro digestibility, and 64 to 80% leaf (Beltranena et al., 1981). Romero et al. (1987) reported that the season affected the responses of rhizoma peanut to maturity under Florida conditions. The leaf percent decreased and the stem NDF and acid-detergent fiber increased with maturity during summer but not during the fall. Conversely, the leaf NDF and acid-detergent fiber increased with maturity during the fall but not in summer. Under the tropical conditions of Puerto Rico, Florigraze rhizoma peanut regrowth periods of 6 and 12 wk produced forage containing 191 and 150 g kg^-1 CP and 591 and 545 g kg^-1 in vitro digestibility (Valencia et al., 1997). Under the semiarid conditions of South Texas, Ocumpaugh (1990) found that rainfall affected the leafiness, stem in vitro digestibility, and CP of leaves and stems. Leaf drop as a drought-tolerance mechanism was noted. Leafiness was suggested to be a variable that was subject to manipulation by defoliation management, and consequently, was a means of managing for the enhanced nutritive value of rhizoma peanut (Saldivar et al., 1990). Linear declines were also reported in CP and in vitro digestibility with the length of regrowth period although these declines continued only until September. Thus, both plant maturity and environmental conditions influence the nutritive value characteristics of rhizoma peanut.

It appears that the value of rhizoma peanut hay for use as a protein supplement could be enhanced by management for increased CP concentration. In addition to the potential use of defoliation management as suggested by Saldivar et al. (1990), N fertilization is an effective means of increasing forage CP concentration, sometimes even with legumes (Fishbeck and Phillips, 1981; Trimble et al., 1987). Such a response by rhizoma peanut was suggested previously under greenhouse conditions (Venuto et al., 1998). The plant N of defoliated white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was increased more by added N than was that of undefoliated plants (Marriott and Haystead, 1992). Barber et al. (1996) showed that applied N increased the tissue N concentration in alfalfa. This stored N moved from the roots to the shoot regrowth following defoliation. The authors suggested that the accumulation of N in storage organs, which was enhanced by applied N, was an important adaptation of many perennial species for recovering from occasional, complete defoliation. While the N fertilization of established stands of alfalfa is not normally recommended, yield responses to N fertilization have been reported (Hannaway and Shuler, 1993). The yield responses of established alfalfa stands to added N appear to be associated with the limited N-supplying ability of the soil. The upland coastal plain soils, where rhizoma peanut is adapted in Louisiana, are particularly low in N-supplying ability. Additional findings with alfalfa indicate that N₂ fixation can continue with application of high rates of N fertilizer (Lamb et al., 1995). This suggests that such fertilization could have a practical application. Thus, both N fertilization and the interaction of N fertilization and defoliation management may affect the CP concentration and CP yield of at least some forage legumes.

Both high annual rainfall, and erratic but frequent extended periods without rainfall are typical for Louisiana. This contrasts with the more humid summer growing conditions of Florida and also with the more arid conditions of South Texas. Rhizoma peanut has proven to be adapted and persistent on coastal plain soils at least in the southern half of Louisiana. Production patterns of the legume suggest that two or three cuttings per year of either 8-wk growth or 5- to 6-wk growth, respectively, are possibilities for hay production systems in Louisiana (Venuto et al., 1999). The forage yield of rhizoma peanut in Louisiana has been assessed (Venuto et al., 1998), but the effects of typical erratic rainfall patterns, defoliation management, and N fertilization on the nutritive value have not been evaluated. Field plot experiments at three locations were conducted to determine if harvest frequency or N fertilization could be managed to enhance the nutritive value and CP yield of rhizoma peanut in the Louisiana environment.

	Materials and methods

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Nitrogen applications were 0 N (control), 110 kg N ha^-1 applied on 1 May, and 220 kg N ha^-1 split into two equal applications on 1 May and 1 July. The harvest frequencies were 30 and 60 d through a 120-d growing period from 1 May through 1 September in 1997 and 1998. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used at each location. Treatment combinations were applied in a split-plot arrangement, with harvest frequency as the main plot and N application as the subplot. The subplots at each location were 1.5 by 7.5 m. Due to previous application of lime and fertilizer, the soil pH ranged from 5.9 at Rosepine to 7.0 at Clinton, and the soil P ranged from 21 mg kg^-1 at Franklinton to 90 mg kg^-1 at Rosepine. The soils were a Dexter loam at the Idlewild Research Station located near Clinton, a Tangi silt loam at the Southeast Research Station located near Franklinton, and a Bowie fine sandy loam at the Rosepine Research Station located near Rosepine. All three locations are slightly below 31° N lat, which represents the zone of rhizoma peanut primary adaptation across Louisiana. The longitudes of these three locations are spread across the width of the state from about 90°20' W at Franklinton to about 93°20' W at Rosepine.

Plots were mechanically harvested to an 8-cm stubble height. The harvested material was weighed in the field and sampled for dry matter (DM) determination. The samples were dried at 60°C for approximately 72 h and subsequently ground through a 1-mm screen for forage quality analyses. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) spectra were collected for each sample with a Model 6500 near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometer (NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD). A library data set was developed from samples that were previously analyzed at the Louisiana State University AgCenter Forage Quality Laboratory at the Southeast Research Station. The library file consists of approximately 625 samples analyzed for CP, NDF, and IVTD from previous research experiments.

Samples from this experiment were centered and selected using the CENTER and SELECT programs in the NIRS2 (version 3.0) system software (Infrasoft Int., 1992). Selected samples were compared with the library using the MATCH program to determine if the spectra of the selected samples from this experiment matched the spectra of any samples in the library. Two matched samples from the library for each selected sample were used if they were available. If selected samples from this experiment were not matched by two samples in the library file, then wet chemistry values were used for these samples. Matched samples from the library file and wet chemistry values for rhizoma peanut samples that were not matched to the library were used to make the calibration data set. The samples in the library file and the unmatched samples from this experiment were analyzed for CP colorimetrically (AOAC, 1990), and the NDF was analyzed using the methods described by Goering and Van Soest (1970), which were modified by excluding decalin. Additionally, 2.0 mL of a 2% (wt./vol.) -amylase solution were added at the beginning of the NDF procedure (Van Soest and Robertson, 1980). The IVTD was measured using the methods described by Goering and Van Soest (1970). The DNDF was calculated as

Reflectance data were related to the calibration data by using a modified partial least squares regression procedure to develop the prediction equation (Shenk and Westerhaus, 1991). Samples that were identified as outliers from the calibration data set were analyzed using the wet chemistry methods described above. Prediction equations had standard errors of calibration of 7.1, 21.1, and 25.9 g kg^-1 for CP, NDF, and IVTD, respectively. Prediction equations had standard errors of cross validation of 9.5, 25.6, and 30.7 g kg^-1 for CP, NDF, and IVTD, respectively. The 1 - V/R value (where V/R is the ratio of unexplained variance to total variance) had a value of 0.95 for CP, 0.97 for NDF, and 0.89 for IVTD.

The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block across locations. The locations, blocks within locations, and years were assumed to be random effects, with the harvest frequency and N rate considered fixed effects. The harvest frequency and N rate treatments were applied to the same plots in both years. Thus, data were analyzed as a split-split plot in time with harvest frequency as the whole plot, N rate as the subplot, and year as the sub-subplot. The harvest date was not included in the statistical model. Crude protein yield (herbage yield x CP concentration) response data were analyzed using analysis of variance with a model including the main effects of the location, N rate, harvest frequency, and year plus the two- and three-way interactions. The nutritive value responses during 1997 and 1998 were analyzed using a model similar to that above. When differences were detected among the main effects, these differences were assessed using least significant difference procedures. All tests of significance were made at the 0.05 level of probability unless otherwise noted.

	Results and discussion

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Environmental Conditions
Rainfall during 1997 was similar to the long-term averages recorded along the Louisiana coastal plain (Table 1). However, the 1998 growing season was atypically hot (temperature not reported) and extremely dry in comparison with the long-term averages. The total rainfall during the 1998 growing season was <50% of that which fell during the same period in 1997. Although the length and severity of the 1998 growing season drought were uncharacteristic, shorter periods of moisture stress occur frequently. As an example, the 46-yr average monthly rainfall at Rosepine ranged only from 113 to 135 mm while less than half of this amount was received in each of these months in some of the past 12 yr.

Nutritive Value
Crude Protein
There was a location x harvest frequency x year interaction (P < 0.0001) for the CP concentration. In 1997, the CP concentration was not affected by any treatment and averaged 187 g kg^-1. In this study, the CP concentrations were within the range of those previously reported from similar harvest intervals in other environments (Beltranena et al., 1981; Valencia et al., 1997). In 1998, supplemental N increased the CP concentration at Clinton and Franklinton but only for the 30-d harvest frequency (Table 3). Conversely, the CP concentration was not affected by supplemental N at Rosepine for either harvest interval.

Fiber Composition and Digestibility
There were location x harvest frequency x year (P < 0.0001) interactions for the NDF, IVTD, and DNDF concentrations (Table 4). These interactions occurred as a result of a greater nutritive value for rhizoma peanut harvested at a 60-d harvest frequency rather than the 30-d harvest frequency at Rosepine in 1998 as might be expected with greater drought-induced leaf loss for the 30-d harvest frequency. The rhizoma peanut responses that were indicative of higher nutritive value were greater at Rosepine, followed by Franklinton and Clinton in 1997. The nutritive value during 1998 was greatest at Franklinton, followed by Rosepine and Clinton. The nutritive value at Franklinton during 1998 was markedly superior to forage grown during 1997, whereas the forage quality differences between years were not as great at Clinton and Rosepine. Although the NDF and IVTD were different across locations, the range of differences was not as great in 1998 as in 1997.

The nutritive value was higher at 30-d harvest intervals than 60-d harvest intervals in both years at Clinton and Franklinton. In 1998, the nutritive value was greater for the 60-d harvest frequency at Rosepine. Again, these differences were likely associated with physiological changes that occurred in response to the droughthy conditions that were prevalent in 1998. However, the decline was not as great as has been reported for alfalfa, as previously demonstrated by Romero et al. (1987) and Terrill et al. (1996). When harvested at 30-d intervals, the nutritive value was high; however, the physical characteristics associated with a more frequent harvest (i.e., stem length) may limit its usefulness to harvest by grazing livestock rather than as a preserved forage such as hay or baled silage. Based on the results of this study, a 45-d harvest frequency should result in a forage with 160 to 180 g CP kg^-1 DM, 350 to 500 g NDF kg^-1 DM, and 720 to 785 g IVTD kg^-1 DM. Although the animal performance from rhizoma peanut with this nutritive value has not been measured, this level of quality should support the protein and energy requirements for all classes of beef and dairy livestock, except high-producing dairy animals (NRC, 1989, 1996). In climates similar to those in this study, rhizoma peanut can be harvested around 15 June, 1 August, and 15 September in a three-cut system. Ocumpaugh (1990) recommended that rhizoma peanut production in early summer should be harvested as early as June in semiarid South Texas due to the potential for leaf loss in response to drought. Even though the final harvest would not be until mid-September, this would still provide a sufficient regrowth period to restore depleted rhizome carbohydrates and not retard growth the following spring (Saldivar et al., 1992).

Terrill et al. (1996) observed that alfalfa out-yielded rhizoma peanut in the first 2 yr of a 3-yr study. Even though rhizoma peanut is slow to establish, alfalfa must be replanted every 3 to 7 yr. In some areas of the southeastern USA, alfalfa does not persist longer than 2 yr; therefore, the yield advantage by alfalfa is likely negated by the long-term persistence and lack of pest problems of rhizoma peanut. Rhizoma peanut is not an easy forage to establish, and it may take up to 3 yr before stands become productive (Williams et al., 1997). However, once established, rhizoma peanut is persistent and will maintain long-term, productive stands (Romero et al., 1987). In Florida, Ortega et al. (1992) found that the productivity of grazed rhizoma peanut increased as the stubble height after grazing increased, or when the regrowth periods between grazing periods were increased. Two harvests at 8-wk growth or three harvests at 5- to 6-wk growth may be the best compromise for yield (Venuto et al., 1998) and nutritive value in Louisiana. Grazing systems designed around short regrowth periods, especially for high-producing dairy cows or creep grazing by suckling calves, may be the most efficient methods for harvesting high quality forage.

Unfortunately, the results of this research indicate that further management options to enhance the nutritive value or protein yield of rhizoma peanut hay in Louisiana are limited. Despite recent reports of responses to N by other perennial legumes, N fertilization was not consistently effective for increasing the CP yield or nutritive value. The effects of defoliation management on the nutritive value of rhizoma peanut were substantially less than the effects of the year or location. The lack of predictability of the frequently occurring dry periods in Louisiana enhance the risk of management options, in contrast to the characteristic dry spring seasons in South Florida and the dry summer seasons in South Texas. The nutritive value of rhizoma peanut, as well as its yield, will likely be more erratic under Louisiana conditions than in the current primary production area in Florida. Thus, integrated systems to harvest high quality forage by grazing during periods of slow growth and hay or silage when more rapid growth provides higher yields may afford the greatest benefits from rhizoma peanut production in Louisiana.

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 
Published as Journal Series no. 99-88-0353 Louisiana Agric. Exp. Stn.

Received for publication February 7, 2000.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion REFERENCES

 

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (3) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Redfearn, D. D. Articles by Pitman, W.D. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Redfearn, D. D. Articles by Pitman, W.D. Agricola Articles by Redfearn, D. D. Articles by Pitman, W.D. Related Collections Other Crop Management Other Forage Crops Other Crops Nutrient Management