HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (7) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Agricola Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Related Collections Crop Rotation Systems Other Cropping Systems Maize Other Soil Management Tillage

SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

Tillage x Rotation x Management Interactions in Corn

Dep. of Soil, Crop, and Atmospheric Sci., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA

wjc3{at}cornell.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Although corn (Zea mays L.) yields following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) exceed yields of continuous corn, continuous corn is common in the northeastern USA because of demand for corn by the dairy industry. We evaluated corn under different tillage (moldboard plow, chisel, and ridge), rotation (continuous corn, soybean–corn, soybean–corn–corn, and soybean–wheat/red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)–corn), and management systems (high and low chemical input) for 6 yr to determine optimum cropping systems for corn. In moldboard plow, corn in soybean–wheat/red clover–corn (9.2 Mg ha^-1) and soybean–corn (8.5 Mg ha^-1) rotations under low chemical yielded greater than continuous corn under high chemical management (7.9 Mg ha^-1). In chisel tillage, corn in the soybean–corn rotation yielded greater under high chemical (8.9 Mg ha^-1) and similarly under low chemical (7.9 Mg ha^-1) compared with continuous corn under high chemical management (7.6 Mg ha^-1). In ridge tillage, corn in soybean–corn or first-year corn in soybean–corn–corn rotations yielded greater under high chemical (8.1 Mg ha^-1) but less under low chemical (6.3 and 6.8 Mg ha^-1, respectively) compared with continuous corn under high chemical management (7.5 Mg ha^-1). Growers under similar environmental conditions to this study can increase corn yields while reducing inputs by adopting soybean–wheat/red clover–corn and soybean–corn rotations in moldboard plow or a soybean–corn rotation in chisel tillage. In ridge tillage, growers could adopt soybean–corn or soybean–corn–corn rotations, which would increase corn yields but not reduce inputs when compared with continuous corn.

Abbreviations: GDD, growing degree days • Vn, nth leaf stage

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
CORN GROWN IN ROTATION with soybeans or wheat yields greater than continuous corn does (Lund et al., 1993; West et al., 1996). The corn yield response to crop rotation, however, can interact with years (Porter et al., 1997), tillage systems (Raimbault and Vyn, 1991), and management inputs (Riedell et al., 1998). The 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act, which allows for planting flexibility by decoupling support payments from production, will result in increased corn acreage grown in rotation with other crops. Corn growers require more information on yield interactions with years, tillage, rotation, and management systems.

Porter et al. (1997) reported that the yield advantage for corn in an annual soybean–corn rotation compared with continuous corn frequently exceeded 25% in low-yielding years, but averaged less than 15% in high-yielding years. Other researchers have also reported greater yields for rotated compared with continuous corn in dry vs. wet years (Peterson and Varvel, 1989; Raimbault and Vyn, 1991). Also, the corn yield response to crop rotation is usually greater under no-till or reduced tillage systems compared with moldboard plow tillage (Dick and Van Doren, 1985). For example, in Ontario, Canada, Raimbault and Vyn (1991) reported that rotated corn yielded 4% greater than continuous corn in moldboard plow tillage but 8% greater in chisel tillage. Likewise, West et al. (1996) reported that corn in an annual soybean–corn rotation yielded 6% greater than continuous corn in moldboard plow tillage but 10% greater in chisel and ridge tillage. Riedell et al. (1998) also reported that the level of inputs provided to corn can affect the crop rotation response. For example, corn following soybean compared with continuous corn under intermediate inputs (reduced tillage, no soil insecticide, reduced herbicide input, and 50 kg N ha^-1) yielded 32% more, but yielded the same under high inputs (moldboard plow, soil insecticide, full herbicide inputs, and 75 kg N ha^-1).

We conducted a 6-yr tillage x rotation x management study to determine optimum cropping systems for corn production in the northeastern USA. Previous studies, with the exception of the study by Riedell et al. (1998), did not vary management systems when evaluating different crop rotations. We were particularly interested in potential rotation x management interactions and wished to test the hypothesis that rotated corn with low chemical inputs could yield as well as continuous corn with high chemical inputs, a common cropping system in the northeastern USA.

	Materials and methods

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
A 6-yr tillage x rotation x management study was initiated in the fall of 1991 on a tile-drained Kendaia-Lima silt loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Aeric Haplaquept) at the Robert B. Musgrave Farm near Aurora, NY (42°45' N, 76°35' W). The 2-ha experimental site had been under chisel tillage since 1988 and had been planted to soybean in 1991. Soil tests in the fall of 1991 indicated a pH of 7.8 and medium soil P and K concentrations.

Experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split plot treatment arrangement with four replications. Main plots, 55 m wide by 30 m long, consisted of three tillage systems (chisel, moldboard plow, and ridge). Moldboard and chisel tillage operations occurred in the fall of 1991 but during the spring in all subsequent years. Subplots, 6.1 m wide (8 rows of corn) by 30 m long, consisted of four crop rotations. Crop rotations included continuous corn, soybean–corn in both phases, soybean–corn–corn in all three phases, and soybean–wheat/red clover–corn in all three phases (Table 1) . We will report only the corn results in this paper. Soybean and wheat yields are reported in a companion paper (Katsvairo and Cox, 2000). Sub-subplots, 6.1 m wide by 15 m long, consisted of high and low chemical input management of all three crops in the four rotations.

`Pioneer Brand 3525' hybrid corn was planted in early May of all years except 1996, when planting was delayed until late May because of wet conditions, at a row spacing of 0.76 m and a planting rate of 72000 kernels ha^-1 with a Buffalo Till Planter (Fleisher Manufacturing Co., Columbus, NE).¹ Sweeps were mounted on the planter for a one-pass tillage planting operation in ridge tillage, which had average residue counts (Sloneker and Moldenhauer, 1977) at planting of about 80% when corn followed corn or wheat/red clover and about 40% when corn followed soybean (data not shown). Sweeps were removed from the planter for moldboard plow and chisel tillage plots. Crop residue counts in moldboard plow tillage, which was followed by a single cultimulch operation, averaged less than 10%, regardless of the previous crop (data not shown). Crop residue counts in chisel tillage, which was followed by a disking–cultipacker operation in all rotations, averaged about 35% when corn followed corn or wheat/red clover and about 20% when corn followed soybean (data not shown).

Starter fertilizer was applied in a band at planting in all corn plots at a rate of 28, 56, and 56 kg ha^-1 of N, P, and K, respectively. The high chemical management plots received a broadcast application of 2.5 kg ha^-1 a.i. of cyanazine (2-[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-S-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methlypropanenitrile] and 2.2 kg ha^-1 a.i. of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide] immediately afer planting for weed control. The low chemical management plots received the same rate per hectare in a 0.25-m band over the row at planting. The high chemical management treatment also received 1.12 kg ha^-1 a.i. of the soil-applied insecticide terbufos [S-[(1,1-dimethylethyl) thio] methyl] 0,0-diethyl phosphorodithoidle] at planting for corn rootworm control. When corn was at the 4-leaf stage of development (V4, Ritchie et al., 1993) in 1994 and 1997, the high chemical management treatment in moldboard plow and chisel tillage plots received a 0.56 kg ha^-1 a.i. application of dicamba for broadleaf weed control, specifically field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.). In ridge tillage plots, the high chemical treatment received a 1.12 kg ha^-1 a.i. application of glyphosate in the fall of 1993 and 1996 for control of perennial weeds, specifically quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv.] and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The low chemical management treatment in all tillage systems received one cultivation or ridge reconstruction at the V4 stage in 1993 and 1995 and two cultivations at the V3 and V6 stages in 1994, 1996, and 1997. We cultivated only once in 1993 and 1995 because dry conditions during May and the first half of June limited weed emergence and growth before the V6 stage of corn growth. The ridges were reconstructed in the high chemical treatment in ridge tillage at the same time as in the low chemical treatment. At the V5 stage, the high chemical management plots received 135 kg N ha^-1, the recommended N rate for continuous corn at this site (Cornell Recommends for Integrated Field Crop Management, 1998), as a 32% solution of urea and NH₄NO₃ (injected 0.1 m deep between rows). Low chemical management plots received 67 kg N ha^-1 because previous studies indicated that preceding soybean and red clover crops could provide between 50 and 90 kg N ha^-1 to the subsequent corn crop (Bruulsema and Christie, 1987; Bundy et al., 1993).

Plant densities were determined by counting the number of plants along the entire length (15 m) of the two harvest rows in each sub-subplot at the V7 stage. Also, weed densities were determined at the V7 stage by counting all the weeds greater than 5 mm in height in a 1.5-m width straddling the entire length of the two center harvest rows. Weeds that were less than 5 mm in height were not counted because we did not believe that they would interfere with the growth and yield of corn.

Two rows of each sub-subplot were harvested for grain yield with a plot combine fitted with a two-row corn head in late October or early to mid-November of each year. Because of cool growing conditions in 1997, corn was harvested in mid-November, when grain moistures averaged close to 350 g kg^-1 of water. Corn samples were collected from each sub-subplot to determine grain moisture. Corn yields were then adjusted to 155 g kg^-1 of water.

After corn harvest in 1997, four soil samples were taken from each corn sub-subplot from the 0- to 0.20-m depth to determine soil pH, P, and K concentrations. Soil pH was measured in a 1:1 soil–water suspension. Soil P and K concentrations were determined using Morgan's solution (pH 4.8), as described by Lathwell and Peech (1965). Soil pH in the fall of 1991 averaged 7.8 across tillage and management plots at the experimental site. Soil P concentrations averaged 4.4 mg kg^-1, which is on the cusp of the medium (2–4.5 mg kg^-1) and high ranges (4.5–20 mg kg^-1) for the soil type at the experimental site (Cornell Recommends for Integrated Field Crop Management, 1998). Soil K concentrations averaged 43 mg kg^-1, which is in the medium soil test range (33–47 mg kg^-1).

Air temperature and precipitation were recorded hourly at a weather station located at the experimental site. Growing degree days (GDD) were calculated from daily maximum and minimum temperatures as GDD = [(T_max + T_min)/2] - 10, where T_max = daily maximum (if T_max > 30°C, then T_max = 30°C) and T_min = daily minimum (if T_min < 10°C, then T_min = 10°C).

All data were analyzed by analysis of variance procedures using the SAS Statistical Software Package (SAS Inst., 1991). The rotations were not in place until 1993, so we will present data only from 1993 to 1997. A combined analysis showed numerous interactions with years for plant densities, weed densities, grain yield, and grain moisture (Table 2) , so a separate analysis is also presented for each year. Mean separation for main effects and interactions were obtained by Fisher's protected LSD, as described by Little and Hills (1978). Effects were considered significant in all statistical calculations if P 0.05.

	Results and discussion

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

Grain yield had significant year x tillage x management, year x rotation, tillage x rotation, and rotation x management interactions (Table 2). Corn in chisel and moldboard plow tillage responded similarly to the management systems, with yields averaging about 10% less under low vs. high chemical management in the dry years and about 25% less under low vs. high chemical management in the moderately wet years (Table 6) . In contrast, corn yields under ridge tillage averaged about 25% less under low vs. high chemical management in all years of the study. Ridge tillage is generally recognized as the most sustainable tillage system (Reeder, 1990). The results from this study, however, indicate that corn under low chemical management yields less under ridge tillage than under moldboard plow and chisel tillage.

The rotation x management interaction was associated with the much lower yield of continuous and second-year corn compared with rotated corn under low (5.9 Mg ha^-1) vs. high (7.7 Mg ha^-1) chemical management, mostly because of inadequate N fertility (Singer and Cox, 1998a). In contrast, corn in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation in chisel and moldboard plow tillage yielded the same under low and high chemical management (Table 6). Stute and Posner (1995) reported that red clover interseeded into small grains and incorporated the following spring can provide 75 to 115 kg N ha^-1 to the subsequent corn crop under Wisconsin conditions. In fact, Vyn et al. (1999) suggested that red clover interseeded into wheat and incorporated the following spring may eliminate the need to apply N fertilizer to the subsequent corn crop under growing conditions in Ontario, Canada. Corn received 67 kg ha^-1 less N fertilizer under low vs. high chemical management, so corn probably had adequate N in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation, regardless of management systems, in most years under moldboard plow and chisel tillage. Iragavarapu et al. (1997) reported that interseeded legumes into wheat were an inconsistent N source to the subsequent corn crop in ridge tillage. Excluding 1993, however, when volunteer clover regrowth reduced corn yields, corn yielded only 6% less (8.0 Mg ha^-1) in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation in ridge tillage under low vs. high chemical management (8.5 Mg ha^-1).

Corn following soybean in the soybean–corn and soybean–corn–corn rotations yielded 14% less under low (7.5 Mg ha^-1) vs. high chemical management (8.7 Mg ha^-1, Table 6). Corn under moldboard plow tillage in the soybean–corn rotation yielded only 9% less in low vs. high chemical management compared with 14% less in chisel and 19% less in ridge tillage. Weed densities did not differ under high and low management in the soybean–corn rotation in moldboard plow and chisel tillage, so weed interference did not contribute to yield differences in those tillage systems. Corn apparently requires greater N rates when following soybean compared with wheat/red clover in moldboard plow and chisel tillage. Corn yielded 7% greater in the soybean–corn rotation under high chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management in ridge tillage, whereas corn yielded 17% greater in chisel and moldboard plow tillage. West et al. (1996) reported that corn responded more positively when following soybean in the rotation in ridge compared with moldboard plow tillage. It is not clear why corn responded less when following soybean or wheat/red clover in the rotation under ridge compared with moldboard plow and chisel tillage in this study.

Grain moisture at harvest had numerous interactions, including year x tillage x rotation, year x tillage x management, year x rotation x management, and tillage x rotation x management interactions (Table 2). Many of the interactions involving years can be attributed to the high grain moisture in corn in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under ridge tillage in low chemical management in 1993 (Table 7) . Consequently, when averaged across years, corn had 13 g kg^-1 more moisture in the grain at harvest in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation in ridge tillage under low vs. high chemical management (302 vs. 289 g kg^-1, respectively), compared with no differences in moisture under moldboard plow and chisel tillage. Corn also had 11 g kg^-1 more moisture in the grain at harvest in the soybean–corn rotation in ridge tillage under low vs. high chemical management (295 vs. 284 g kg^-1, respectively), compared with no difference in moldboard plow (265 g kg^-1) and chisel tillage (269 g kg^-1). Other researchers (Al-Darby and Lowery, 1986; Griffith et al., 1988; Cox et al., 1992) reported similar grain moisture between ridge and moldboard plow tillage in continuous corn. In this study, average grain moisture in continuous corn differed the least between ridge (281 g kg^-1) and moldboard plow tillage (274 g kg^-1). It is not clear why corn grain moisture differed by 25 g kg^-1 between ridge and moldboard plow tillage in the soybean–corn rotation.

The soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation and first-year corn in the soybean–corn–corn rotation had greater soil P concentrations under high (6.5 and 6.2 mg kg^-1, respectively) compared with low chemical management (5.6 and 5.3 mg kg^-1, respectively). In contrast, the other rotations had greater soil P concentrations under low compared with high chemical management (Table 8). Both management systems received either the same starter or no starter P fertilizer annually across rotations, so differential fertilizer rates did not contribute to the rotation x management interaction. Also, corn, soybean, and wheat do not take up a great amount of P, so differential crop removal of P probably did not contribute to the interaction. Soil P concentrations, however, were in the high soil test range for all tillage–rotation–management systems. Consequently, crop rotation had no practical effect on soil P concentrations, despite applying starter P fertilizer only every other year to the soybean–corn rotation.

Rotation and management systems affected soil K concentrations (Table 8). The first-year corn phase in the soybean–corn–corn rotation had the same soil K concentration (48 mg kg^-1) as the soybean–corn rotation (50 mg kg^-1) but less when compared with the other rotations (52 to 53 mg kg^-1). Edwards et al. (1992) reported lower soil K concentrations in soybean–corn compared with continuous corn, despite the same annual K applications in both rotations. Over the six years of our study, the soybean–corn rotation compared with continuous corn received only half the K fertilizer rate, but both rotations had the same soil K concentrations. Soil K concentrations averaged more under low chemical management (53 mg kg^-1) compared with high chemical management (49 mg kg^-1), despite less crop removal of K associated with lower yields under low chemical management. Soil K concentrations were in the medium-high to high soil test range for all tillage–rotation–management systems. Consequently, crop rotation and management systems had limited practical effects on soil K concentrations.

	Conclusions

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Numerous interactions involving years, tillage, rotation, and management systems existed for corn densities, weed densities, corn yields, grain moisture, soil pH, and soil P concentrations. The results from this study corroborate the statement by Riedell et al. (1998) that the level of inputs (tillage, fertilizer rate, and pesticide use) affect the response of corn to crop rotation. Unlike the study by Riedell et al. (1998), who investigated crop rotation and management inputs at the cropping systems level, thus confounding some of the management inputs, the results from this study allow for recommendations on specific tillage–rotation–management systems.

In moldboard plow tillage, corn in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management yielded as well as corn in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn, soybean–corn, and soybean–corn–corn rotations under high chemical management. Of equal importance, corn yielded 17% greater in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. Likewise, corn yielded 7% greater in the soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. The soybean–corn and soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotations under low chemical management had the same soil P and K concentrations as continuous corn under high chemical management after 6 yr, despite receiving 33 to 50% less P and K fertilizer. Growers who use moldboard plow tillage under environmental conditions similar to those in this study have the opportunity to significantly increase corn yields while greatly reducing inputs by substituting soybean–wheat/red clover–corn or soybean–corn rotations for continuous corn. In fact, Singer and Cox (1998b) reported that corn under low chemical management yielded 10% greater in soybean–corn and soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotations compared with continuous corn under high chemical management in field-scale demonstrations where four participating farmers performed all field operations. The use of such rotations would ensure greater yield stability of corn, as evidenced by much greater corn yields in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management in dry years (9, 19, and 62% greater) vs. wet years (3 and 6% greater).

In chisel tillage, corn yielded 8% greater in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. The soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management, however, received a glyphosate and dicamba application in the fall for clover control, which increased inputs in this system. Corn in the soybean–corn rotation yielded 4% greater under low chemical management and 17% greater under high chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. Growers who use chisel tillage under environmental conditions similar to those in this study have the opportunity to increase corn yields while reducing inputs by substituting a soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management for continuous corn under high chemical management. Growers who use chisel tillage, however, should adopt the soybean–corn rotation with close to high chemical inputs to achieve maximum yields. Singer and Cox (1998b) reported about a 10% yield increase for corn in a soybean–corn rotation, which received 40 g kg^-1 less N compared with continuous corn under high chemical management, in a farmer-participatory study in which farmers used chisel tillage.

In ridge tillage, corn yielded 8% less in the soybean–wheat/red clover–corn rotation under low chemical management compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. Likewise, corn in the soybean–corn rotation under low chemical management yielded 16% less when compared with continuous corn under high chemical management. Corn in soybean–corn or first-year corn in soybean–corn–corn rotations under high chemical management, however, yielded 18% greater than continuous corn under high chemical management. Growers who use ridge tillage and wish to rotate corn can adopt soybean–corn or soybean–corn–corn rotations, which would increase corn yields but not reduce chemical inputs.SAS Institute 1991

	NOTES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
¹ Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee of warranty for the product, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products or vendors that may be suitable.

Received for publication May 10, 1999.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods NOTES Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 

• Al-Darby A.M., Lowery B. Evaluation of corn growth and productivity with three conservation tillage systems. Agron. J. 1986;78:901-907.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Bruulsema T.W., Christie B.R. Nitrogen contribution to succeeding corn from alfalfa and red clover. Agron. J. 1987;79:96-100.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Bundy L.G., Andraski T.W., Wolkowski R.P. Nitrogen credits in soybean–corn crop sequences on three soils. Agron. J. 1993;85:1061-1067.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Cornell Recommends for Integrated Field Crop Management. Cornell Coop. Ithaca, NY: Ext, 1998.
• Cox W.J., Otis D.J., van Es H.M., Gaffney F.B., Snyder D.P., Reynolds K.R., van der Grinten M. Feasibility of no-tillage and ridge tillage systems in the northeastern USA. J. Prod. Agric. 1992;5:111-117.
• Cox W.J., Zobel R.W., van Es H.M., Otis D.J. Tillage effects on some soil physical and corn physiological characteristics. Agron. J. 1990;82:806-812.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Dick W.A., Van Doren D.M., Jr. Continuous tillage and rotation combinations effects on corn, soybean, and oat yields. Agron. J. 1985;77:459-465.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Edwards J.H., Wood C.W., Thurlow D.L., Ruf M.E. Tillage and crop rotation effects on fertility status of a Hapludult soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1992;56:1577-1582.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Griffith D.R., Kladivko E.J., Mannering J.V., T.D.West, Parsons S.D. Long-term tillage and rotation effects on corn growth and yield on high and low organic matter, poorly drained soils. Agron. J. 1988;80:599-605.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Iragavarapu T.K., Randall G.W., Russelle M.P. Yield and nitrogen uptake of rotated corn in a ridge tillage system. Agron. J. 1997;89:397-403.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Katsvairo T.W., Cox W.J. Economics of cropping systems featuring different rotations, tillage, and management systems. Agron. J. 2000;92:485-493 (this issue).[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Lal R., Mahboubi A.A., Fausey N.R. Long-term tillage and rotation effects on properties of a central Ohio soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1994;58:517-522.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Lathwell D.J., Peech M. Interpretation of chemical soil tests. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 995. Cornell Univ, 1965.
• Little T.M., Hills F.J. Agricultural experimentation: Design and analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
• Lund M.G., Carter P.R., Oplinger E.S. Tillage and crop rotation affect corn, soybean, and winter wheat yields. J. Prod. Agric. 1993;6:207-213.
• Peterson T.A., Varvel G.E. Crop yield as affected by rotation and nitrogen rate: III. Corn. Agron. J. 1989;81:735-738.
• Porter P.M., Lauer J.G., Lueschen W.E., Ford J.H., Hoverstad T.R., Oplinger E.S., Crookston R.K. Environment affects the corn and soybean rotation effect. Agron. J. 1997;89:442-448.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Raimbault B.A., Vyn T.J. Crop rotation and tillage effects on corn growth and soil structural stability. Agron. J. 1991;83:979-985.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Reeder R.C. Extension programs and farmer experiences with ridge tillage. Soil Tillage Res. 1990;18:283-293.
• Riedell W.E., Schumacher T.E., Clay S.A., Ellsbury M.M., Pravecek M., Evenson P.D. Corn and soil fertility responses to crop rotation with low, medium, or high inputs. Crop Sci. 1998;38:427-433.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Ritchie S.W., Hanway J.J., Benson G.O. How a corn plant develops. Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv. Spec. Rep. no. 48. Ames: Iowa State Univ. Coop. Ext. Serv, 1993.
• SAS Institute. SAS user's guide: Statistics. Cary, NC: SAS Inst, 1991.
• Singer J.W., Cox W.J. Corn growth and yield under different crop rotation, tillage, and management systems. Crop Sci. 1998;38:996-1003 a.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Singer J.W., Cox W.J. Economics of different crop rotations in New York. J. Prod. Agric. 1998;11:447-451 b.
• Sloneker L.T., Moldenhauer W.C. Measuring the amounts of crop residue remaining after tillage. J. Soil Water Conserv. 1977;32:231-236.
• Stute J.K., Posner J.L. Synchrony between legume nitrogen release and corn demand in the upper Midwest. Agron. J. 1995;87:1063-1069.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Swan J.B., Schneider E.C., Moncrief J.F., Paulson W.H., Peterson A.E. Estimating corn growth, yield, and grain moisture from air growing degree days and residue cover. Agron. J. 1987;79:53-60.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• Vyn T.J., Janovicek K.J., Miller M.H., Beauchamp E.G. Soil nitrate accumulation and corn response to preceding small-grain fertilization and cover crops. Agron. J. 1999;91:17-24.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
• West T.D., Griffith D.R., Steinhardt G.C., Kladivko E.J., Parsons S.D. Effect of tillage and rotation on agronomic performance of corn and soybean: Twenty-year study on dark silty clay loam soil. J. Prod. Agric. 1996;9:241-248.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. L. Jordan, J. S. Barnes, T. Corbett, C. R. Bogle, P. D. Johnson, B. B. Shew, S. R. Koenning, W. Ye, and R. L. Brandenburg Crop Response to Rotation and Tillage in Peanut-Based Cropping Systems Agron. J., October 21, 2008; 100(6): 1580 - 1586. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Cavigelli, J. R. Teasdale, and A. E. Conklin Long-Term Agronomic Performance of Organic and Conventional Field Crops in the Mid-Atlantic Region Agron. J., May 7, 2008; 100(3): 785 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. G. Kravchenko and K. D. Thelen Effect of Winter Wheat Crop Residue on No-Till Corn Growth and Development Agron. J., March 12, 2007; 99(2): 549 - 555. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Sulc and B. F. Tracy Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems in the U.S. Corn Belt Agron. J., February 6, 2007; 99(2): 335 - 345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Meyer-Aurich, K. Janovicek, W. Deen, and A. Weersink Impact of Tillage and Rotation on Yield and Economic Performance in Corn-Based Cropping Systems Agron. J., August 3, 2006; 98(5): 1204 - 1212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Cherr, J. M. S. Scholberg, and R. McSorley Green Manure Approaches to Crop Production: A Synthesis Agron. J., February 7, 2006; 98(2): 302 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Pikul Jr., L. Hammack, and W. E. Riedell Corn Yield, Nitrogen Use, and Corn Rootworm Infestation of Rotations in the Northern Corn Belt Agron. J., May 13, 2005; 97(3): 854 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Katsvairo, W. J. Cox, and H. van Es Tillage and Rotation Effects on Soil Physical Characteristics Agron. J., March 1, 2002; 94(2): 299 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. W. Katsvairo and W. J. Cox Economics of Cropping Systems Featuring Different Rotations, Tillage, and Management Agron. J., May 1, 2000; 92(3): 485 - 493. [Abstract] [Full Text]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (7) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Agricola Articles by Katsvairo, T. W. Articles by Cox, W. J. Related Collections Crop Rotation Systems Other Cropping Systems Maize Other Soil Management Tillage