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FORAGES

Binary Legume–Grass Mixtures Improve Forage Yield, Quality, and Seasonal Distribution

^a Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010 USA

forager{at}iname.com

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
Yield and forage quality of kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum Bieb.) and intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host.) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey] mixtures compared with commonly grown forages such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) have not been fully explored. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of alfalfa, birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and kura clover grown in binary mixtures with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), smooth bromegrass, and intermediate wheatgrass on seasonal distribution of forage yield and quality. Plots of each species in monoculture and binary legume–grass mixtures were established in a randomized complete block design in 1994 near Boone, IA. Yield was measured monthly during the 1995 and 1996 seasons. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), and crude protein (CP) concentrations were determined for each monoculture or mixture. Total yield was highest for monoculture alfalfa, alfalfa–intermediate wheatgrass, and alfalfa–smooth bromegrass with 13400, 12700, and 12600 kg ha^-1 respectively in 1995, and 7500, 6800, and 6700 kg ha^-1 respectively, in 1996. Kura clover had the lowest NDF (357 g kg^-1) and highest IVDMD (740 g kg^-1) concentrations compared with other forages. Yield, CP, and IVDMD concentrations of monoculture grasses were lower than those of the legume–grass mixtures or of the monoculture legumes. Legumes improved the seasonal distribution of yield and forage quality by beig more productive at later harvests. Yield of alfalfa–intermediate wheatgrass was equal to or better than other alfalfa–grass mixtures and could make a valuable legume–grass alternative.

Abbreviations: CP, crude protein • IVDMD, in vitro dry matter digestibility • NDF, neutral-detergent fiber

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results Discussion REFERENCES

 
COMMERCIAL NITROGEN FERTILIZERS are essential for maximizing productivity of cool-season grasses grown in monoculture. Legumes grown with grasses offer several advantages over grasses grown alone. Baylor (1974) noted that including legumes usually results in increased yield, higher quality, and improved seasonal distribution of forage. Legume–grass mixtures have reduced weed encroachment and erosion and have led to greater stand longevity than legume or grass monocultures (Droslom and Smith, 1976).

Although exceptions exist, compatible legume–grass mixtures usually yield more than any single component grown in monoculture (Roberts and Olson, 1942; Aberg et al., 1943). Wilsie (1949) noted, however, that alfalfa–grass mixtures did not yield more forage than alfalfa alone when alfalfa was seeded at a high rate; Wilsie also concluded that alfalfa was the best legume to grow with smooth bromegrass. Even though alfalfa–grass mixtures have received much acclaim, several studies (Fuelleman et al., 1943; Rather and Harrison, 1944; Koonce, 1946; Mooso and Wedin, 1990) concluded that mixtures offer little yield advantage over alfalfa monocultures when harvested as hay.

Intermediate wheatgrass has wide adaptation and high productivity, but is not as widely used as smooth bromegrass or crested wheatgrass. This may be because it does not persist for more than 4 to 5 yr, especially under intense management. It tolerates alkaline and saline soils and does well with alfalfa under dryland or limited irrigation conditions (Asay, 1995). Its erect stems prevent lodging of alfalfa when grown in mixtures, and it is usually not as advanced in maturity as alfalfa at harvest. The productivity and forage quality of intermediate wheatgrass grown in mixture with forage legumes such as alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil in the Midwest has not been fully explored.

Kura clover consistently has lower concentrations of acid-detergent fiber and acid-detergent lignin (Allinson et al., 1985), and higher IVDMD (Sheaffer and Marten, 1991) than most other forage legumes, including alfalfa. These characteristics suggest that kura clover–grass forage mixtures could have lower NDF and higher IVDMD than alfalfa–grass mixtures. Once established, kura clover is able to withstand extreme environmental conditions such as cold, drought, poor fertility, and waterlogging (Pederson, 1995), and could prove to be a good substitute for alfalfa or other legumes. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of birdsfoot trefoil, alfalfa, and kura clover on seasonal distributions of yield and forage quality when grown in binary mixtures with orchardgrass, smooth bromegrass, and intermediate wheatgrass.

	Materials and methods

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Plot Establishment
Field studies were conducted at the Iowa State University Agronomy and Agricultural Engineering Research Farm (42°59' N, 93°55' W), on a Webster–Nicollet soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll–Aquic Hapludoll). Mean air temperature from April to October was 16.9 and 16.5°C for 1995 and 1996, respectively, and mean monthly precipitation for April to October was 8.5 and 10.5 cm for 1995 and 1996, respectively. Distribution of precipitation for April to September of 1995 and 1996 is shown in Fig. 1 . On 14 Apr. 1994, 1.5- by 7.5-m plots of `Dawn' orchardgrass, `Bounty' smooth bromegrass, and `Manska' intermediate wheatgrass were planted in monoculture and in binary mixtures with `Alfagraze' alfalfa, `Norcen' birdsfoot trefoil, and `Rhizo' kura clover. Monoculture grasses, birdsfoot trefoil, and alfalfa were seeded at a rate of 5.4 kg ha^-1, and monoculture kura clover was seeded at 2.7 kg ha^-1. In binary mixtures, each species was seeded at 2.7 kg ha^-1, except kura clover mixtures where kura clover was seeded at 1.4 kg ha^-1. Alfalfa seeds were treated with the fungicide metalaxyl {[R]-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-methoxyacetylamino]-propionic acid methyl ester} before planting. Seedings were made with a small-plot drill in 10-row units at 15-cm spacing. The drill had dual cones, and each cone served alternating units, resulting in binary mixtures of alternating rows of legume and grass. For monoculture seedings, both cones contained seeds of the same species. There were four replications for each treatment. Plots were not fertilized in the establishment year. However, all grass monoculture plots were fertilized in early April with N at 67 kg ha^-1 in 1995 and 1996 to simulate the small amounts of N typically applied by forage producers. No P or K fertilizer was applied, because soil test results indicated that sufficient amounts were present in the soil. Binary mixtures were not fertilized.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Daily distribution of rainfall during April to September (A to S) for legume–grass mixtures and legume and grass monocultures grown near Boone, IA, in 1995 and 1996

A random sample of forage was collected from each plot, weighed, and dried for 48 h in a forced-air dryer at 60°C. These samples were used to determine dry matter yield and forage quality. Dried samples were ground to pass a 1-mm mesh screen (Cyclone Mill, UDY Mfg., Fort Collins, CO). Samples from each plot on each harvest date were analyzed to determine concentrations of CP, IVDMD, and NDF by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (Windham et al., 1989). Reflectance measurements (log 1/R) were collected for all samples from 1100 to 2500 nm and recorded at 4-nm intervals by using a Pacific Scientific 6250 scanning monochromator (NIRS Systems, Silver Springs, MD). Based on spectral characteristics, a subset of 50 samples that represented the entire range of H-values within the sample population was selected for calibration (Shenk and Westerhaus, 1991a). Estimates of CP and IVDMD were determined by micro-Kjeldahl (Bremner and Breitenbeck, 1983) and two-stage IVDMD (Marten and Barnes, 1980) procedures, respectively. Rumen fluid was collected from a fistulated steer that was fed alfalfa. The ANKOM 200 Fiber Analyzer (ANKOM Technology Corp., Fairport, NY) was used to determine NDF as described by Vogel et al. (1999). The NDF solution used was the ANKOM Fibersol-T solution. All analyses were performed twice, and averages of the duplicates were used for statistical analyses.

Legume composition of legume–grass mixtures was determined by using a modification of the constituent differential method as described by Moore et al. (1990), in which NDF and CP are used to estimate composition.

Calibration equations were developed with modified partial least squares regression (Shenk and Westerhaus, 1991b). Coefficients of determination (R²) and standard errors of calibration and cross validation were, respectively, 0.97, 1.17, and 1.73 for IVDMD; 0.97, 1.52, and 1.93 for NDF; and 0.98, 0.48, and 0.66 for CP. Calibration statistics were within acceptable limits for the analytes (Windham et al., 1989).

Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a split-split-plot arrangement with four replications. Whole plots consisted of each legume and grass grown in monoculture and in binary mixtures (a total of 15 treatments). Four harvest dates represented the split-plot, and year was the split-split plot. Statistical analysis of yield, quality, and legume composition data was performed with the General Linear Model procedure of SAS (SAS Inst., 1991). Mean comparisons were made with an F-protected LSD (Steel and Torrie, 1980) at P 0.05 unless otherwise noted.

	Results

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Yield
Yield differences occurred between years, and among treatments and harvests (Table 1) . Treatment–year and treatment–harvest–year interactions also were observed.

Binary mixtures had 100% or higher yield than all grasses in monoculture (Table 1). Alfalfa–grass mixtures had the highest overall yield (Table 1). When averaged over all harvests, alfalfa–grass mixtures had threefold higher yield than smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass grown in monoculture.

Inclusion of legumes improved cumulative yield. The fourth harvest of alfalfa–smooth bromegrass was 10 times that of smooth bromegrass in monoculture (Table 1), which had the largest yield decline over the season, with 96 and 81% in 1995 and 1996, respectively, compared with its first-harvest yield. Birdsfoot trefoil–smooth bromegrass did not have yields or seasonal distribution of yield equal to that of alfalfa–smooth bromegrass mixture. Alfalfa in monoculture had the least yield decline throughout the season, followed by kura clover and alfalfa–orchardgrass, respectively. A 91% decline in yield was observed over the season for birdsfoot trefoil–smooth bromegrass. The yield decline was larger for birdsfoot trefoil–smooth bromegrass than for alfalfa–smooth bromegrass.

Overall yields decreased in 1996. The most significant decreases (65% on average) were observed for birdsfoot trefoil and birdsfoot trefoil–grass mixtures. Alfalfa and alfalfa–grass mixtures, and kura clover and kura clover–grass mixtures had an average decrease of 47 and 56%, respectively (data not shown).

In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility
Binary mixtures had higher IVDMD than grass monocultures (Table 2) . Fluctuations in IVDMD were evident throughout the season, primarily in monocultures.

Grass monocultures had lower IVDMD at the fourth harvest compared with the first harvest (Table 2). Except for kura clover–orchardgrass, birdsfoot trefoil–intermediate wheatgrass, and kura clover–intermediate wheatgrass, all legume–grass mixtures had higher IVDMD at Harvest 4 than at Harvest 1. The highest IVDMD for kura clover was at Harvest 1; the other harvests did not differ. For alfalfa, digestibility at Harvests 1 and 3 was similar, but digestibility increased at Harvest 4.

Crude Protein
Grass monocultures had lower CP than legume monocultures and legume–grass mixtures (Table 3) . Crude protein concentrations of birdsfoot trefoil–smooth bromegrass, alfalfa–smooth bromegrass, and kura clover–smooth bromegrass mixtures were 31, 46, and 46% higher, respectively, than that of the smooth bromegrass monoculture.

Generally, CP increased after the first harvest (Table 3) in legume–grass mixtures; this may have been due to the increase in the percent legume in the mixtures (Fig. 2) .

View larger version (27K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Seasonal variation of legume species composition for birdsfoot trefoil, alfalfa, and kura clover, each in binary mixtures with (a) orchardgrass, (b) smooth bromegrass, and (c) intermediate wheatgrass. Data are averaged over 2 yr

	Discussion

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Alfalfa and alfalfa–grass mixtures, which probably produced greater yields because the deep root system of alfalfa plants was able to tap deeper soil water, had larger fourth-harvest yield than kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil monocultures or their binary mixtures (Table 1). Therefore, for alfalfa and alfalfa–grass mixtures, a fourth harvest may be optional in central Iowa and will depend on whether yield, quality, or persistence is the main priority of the producer. Yields from the fourth harvest may have been lower because of slow recovery after the third harvest in August. Approximately 88% of the cumulative yield over the four harvests was obtained in the first three harvests. There was a large reduction in yield from 1995 to 1996 for all legume species and their mixtures (Table 1). The yield decrease may be explained by a cool, wet spring (Fig. 1) and an unseasonably cool late summer in 1996. Our observations suggest that yield reduction in monoculture birdsfoot trefoil and birdsfoot trefoil–grass mixtures was because of a significant visible reduction in the vigor and amount of birdsfoot trefoil in these plots and an invasion of weeds, mostly Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.]. An overall decline in the percentage legume was observed mostly between the second and third harvest in 1996 compared with 1995.

Consistent with the results of Allinson et al. (1985) and Sheaffer and Marten (1991), kura clover and its mixtures consistently had higher IVDMD than other legumes and their mixtures (Table 2). At each harvest, we observed that kura clover (late vegetative) was usually not as mature as alfalfa (early bloom), and this maturity status may have contributed to the increased IVDMD. The concentrations of IVDMD (Table 2) and CP (Table 3) were increased, and NDF (Table 4) was decreased in 1996 compared with 1995. Reduced forage growth in 1996 may be correlated with the increase of IVDMD and CP and the decrease in NDF. This observation agrees with that of Van Soest (1982), who reported that when environmental stresses slow plant growth and development, forage quality will be maintained for a longer period of time. Our results showed that kura clover was similar to alfalfa and alfalfa–grass mixtures in CP concentration. These results are consistent with those of Allinson et al. (1985), Sheaffer and Marten (1991), and Posler et al. (1993), who reported that increases in IVDMD and CP resulted when legumes, especially kura clover, were included with grasses.

Our results suggest that including legumes with grasses can improve IVDMD, CP, NDF, and seasonal distribution of forage yield. The improved seasonal distribution was especially evident in alfalfa–grass mixtures, which showed higher yields in the fourth harvest than kura clover and birdsfoot trefoil in monoculture or in their mixtures with smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass. However, the significant increase in legume composition in legume–grass mixtures over the season suggests that the grasses were not as persistent or vigorous under our four-cut system. On average, the legume percentage was higher in smooth bromegrass mixtures than in orchardgrass and intermediate wheatgrass mixtures after the third harvest.

Alfalfa–intermediate wheatgrass yields were equal to or greater than other alfalfa–grass mixtures at each harvest, indicating that this binary mixture could be a good alternative to more common mixtures such as alfalfa–orchardgrass or alfalfa–smooth bromegrass. The hardiness of intermediate wheatgrass in this mixture was evident, as it maintained high yields even at a time when other cool-season grasses were dormant or had less growth.

The improved crude protein level of the legume–grass mixtures could reduce the amount of supplements fed by livestock producers, because they would have more high-quality forage distributed over the season. If legume–grass mixtures are used for hay, the increased yields per unit area could supply higher quality forage for livestock and reduce the amount of land needed to produce the required forage.SAS Institute 1991

	NOTES

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Journal Paper No. J-18184 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Ames, IA, Project No. 2899, and supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds.

Received for publication December 11, 1998.

	REFERENCES

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