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GRAIN AND OIL CROPS

No-Till Maize Nitrogen Uptake and Yield

Effect of Urease Inhibitor and Application Time

^a Fac. de Ciencias Agrarias (UNMP), Est. Exp. Agropecuaria Balcarce (INTA), Unidad Integrada Balcarce, C.C. 276, (7620) Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina

gastudde{at}mdp.edu.ar

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
No-tillage affects maize (Zea mays L.) fertilizer N use efficiency when urea is surface-applied, due to NH₃ volatilization. A 3-year field experiment was conducted at Balcarce, Argentina (37°45' S, 58°18' W), on a soil complex of a fine, mixed, thermic Typic Argiudoll and a fine, illitic, thermic Petrocalcic Paleudoll. The objective was to evaluate the effect of surface-applied urea rate (0, 35, 70, 140, and 210 kg N ha^-1), with and without a urease inhibitor [N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide] (nBTPT) at different times (planting; six-leaf stage, V6) on NH₃ volatilization losses, soil mineral N, and maize N uptake and grain yield under no-tillage. A semiopen static system was used to monitor NH₃ volatilization losses. Ammonia N losses from urea without nBTPT ranged between 2.6 and 13.3% of applied N, being greater with higher N rates and when the urea was applied at V6. Volatilization losses with nBTPT were not different than those from the control. The use of nBTPT did not increase soil mineral N consistently and did not increase N uptake nor grain yield. Relative to fertilization at planting, fertilization at V6 increased soil mineral N at flowering, N uptake at physiological maturity (167 and 155 kg ha^-1, respectively), and grain yield (11 003 and 10 440 kg ha^-1, respectively). For slightly acid and high organic matter soils, the use of nBTPT did not improve urea N use efficiency. Delayed urea application had a greater and more consistent effect than the use of nBTPT on the increase of no-till maize grain yield and N use efficiency.

Abbreviations: DAP, days after planting • nBTPT, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
NO-TILLAGE SYSTEMS

leave crop residues on the soil surface, reducing the risk of water and wind erosion, reducing soil water evaporation, and increasing water availability for crops (Doran, 1980). However, the conditions associated with no-tillage affect soil and fertilizer N dynamics, decreasing N availability for crops due to potentially greater losses and immobilization (Fox and Bandel, 1986). Consequently, maize N requirement under no-tillage is greater with respect to N requirement under conventional tillage (Meisinger et al., 1985). Despite this constraint, the advantages of no-tillage and the drop of herbicide prices have stimulated an increase in no-tillage in Argentina over the last few years. At present, more than 2500000 ha are being cropped with no-tillage in Argentina (AAPRESID, 1995).

Urea is the most commonly used N fertilizer in Argentina and is generally surface broadcast applied. Surface urea applications under no-tillage have a low efficiency, due to potential NH₃ volatilization losses during urea hydrolization (Keller and Mengel, 1986; Watson et al., 1994; Joo et al., 1992; Beyrouty et al., 1988; Fox and Piekielek, 1993). Therefore, it is important to develop fertilization management strategies that maximize fertilizer N recovery through decreasing N losses.

Urease activity inhibitors such as nBTPT decrease the rate of urea hydrolysis, preventing abrupt pH rises around the fertilizer granule and consequently diminishing NH₃ volatilization losses. The time of urea hydrolysis inhibition by nBTPT depends on soil pH and temperature (Watson et al., 1994; Carmona et al., 1990). Carmona et al. (1990) reported that 50 and 34% of the applied N remained as urea after 10 d of incubation at 18 and 25°C, respectively, when the urea had been treated with nBTPT.

At the six-leaf stage (V6) (Ritchie and Hanway, 1982), maize starts its most active growth and substantially increases N and water consumption. Fertilization at V6 is more efficient than the application at planting, particularly under no-tillage (Wells and Bitzer, 1984; Fox et al., 1986; Wells et al., 1992). The greater N uptake and yield in no-tillage maize observed when fertilizer is applied at V6 stage could be due to the decrease in N losses due to denitrification (Wells and Bitzer, 1984), immobilization (Jokela and Randall, 1997), and leaching (Thomas et al., 1973), because of the reduction in soil water content (Linn and Doran, 1984; Jokela and Randall, 1997) associated with crop water consumption.

The southeastern Buenos Aires Province of Argentina, has a temperate–humid climate and a soil with high organic matter content (Echeverría and Ferrari, 1993). However, more intensive cropping in recent years has resulted in frequent crop N deficiencies (Darwich, 1991) and the need for conservation tillage. Maize is becoming a very important crop in the area and, despite the existence of other fertilizers in the market, producers still prefer urea because of its operational advantages compared with NH₄NO₃ (less hygroscopic) and gaseous or liquid fertilizers (availability of application equipment), and low price and handling cost per N unit. If fertilizer N recovery could be increased under no-tillage, the adoption of this management practice would be facilitated.

We propose that the utilization of urea with nBTPT for V6 stage applications to no-till maize may improve surface broadcast fertilizer efficiency. The objectives of this work were (i) to determine the magnitude of NH₃ volatilization losses, (ii) to evaluate the variation of soil NH⁺₄–N and NO^-₃–N, and (iii) to determine no-till maize N uptake and yield as a function of N rate with and without urease inhibitor (nBTPT) and application time.

	Materials and methods

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
The experiment was conducted for three years, 1994 to 1997, at the Estación Experimental Agropecuaria of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria at Balcarce, Argentina (37°45' S, 58°18' W; 130 m above sea level; 870 mm mean annual rainfall; 13.7°C mean annual temperature), on a soil complex of a fine, mixed, thermic Typic Argiudoll and a fine, illitic, thermic Petrocalcic Paleudoll (the petrocalcic horizon was below 0.7 m). Surface horizon characteristics at the beginning of the experiment are presented in Table 1 .

Ammonia losses were evaluated in the 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 growing seasons at both fertilization times for the 70, 140 and 210 kg N ha^-1 rates with and without nBTPT. Ammonia losses from 0-N plots were also evaluated for both fertilization times. A semiopen static system (Nommik, 1973) was used to monitor NH₃ volatilization losses from the plots. It consisted of one polyvinyl chloride cylinder (30 cm diam., 50 cm high) per experimental unit, containing two polyurethane sponges saturated with 0.5 M H₂SO₄ to capture the NH₃. The sponges were changed every 24 h and washed with 1.5 L of deionized water. An aliquot of 25 mL was alkalinized with NaOH (40%) and NH₃–N was determined by microdistillation (Bremner and Keeney, 1966). Determinations of NH₃ were started at fertilizer application and continued either until the losses from fertilized treatments equaled those from the 0-N treatment, or until a total of 10 mm of rain fell. Daily NH₃–N loss data analyses were carried out separately for each fertilization time and year.

In the first year, soil samples were collected at maize planting and 27, 50, 67, 92, and 163 d after planting (DAP), whereas in the second and third years, soil samples were collected at maize planting and 48, 91, and 161 and 43, 87, and 155 DAP, respectively. Samples were collected at the 0- to 5-cm, 5- to 20-cm, 20- to 40-cm, and 40- to 60-cm depths. In the last year, to more closely evaluate mineral N dynamics after fertilization, additional soil samples were taken weekly to a depth of 10 cm during 5 wk after fertilization for both fertilization times. Inorganic N was extracted from fresh samples with 0.5 M K₂SO₄ and NO^-₃–N and NH⁺₄–N contents were determined by microdistillation (Bremner and Keeney, 1966).

Ten maize plants were collected for determination of aboveground dry matter accumulation at physiological maturity (black layer). Plants were cut at ground level, separated into leaf blades, stalk + sheaths + tassel + husks, and grain, and then oven-dried, weighed, and milled (1-mm mesh). Reduced N was determined in each fraction by Method A (without salicylic acid modification) reported by Nelson and Sommers (1973). Total N accumulated in each fraction was calculated as the product of its N concentration (dry weight basis) and dry weight. At maturity, 7.15 m of two center rows of the experimental units were hand harvested to determine grain yield. All reported yields were corrected to 140 g kg^-1 grain moisture content.

Treatment effects were evaluated by analysis of variance using SAS (the Statistical Analysis System, SAS Inst., 1985). Least significant differences (LSD) at the 0.05 levels were calculated when the F-statistic between treatments or their interaction was significant.

	Results and discussion

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Ammonia Volatilization Losses
In both years, for each fertilization time, and for most of the days NH₃–N losses were measured, there was significant interaction (P 0.05) between N rate and presence of the inhibitor (Fig. 1) . Ammonia N losses were significantly greater (P 0.05) when 140 kg N ha^-1 or more were applied without nBTPT and, in most days of the 1995–1996 measuring period, they were significantly lower (P 0.05) at 140 than at 210 kg N ha^-1 for both fertilization times (Fig. 1c and d). Volatilization losses when the fertilizer had been treated with nBTPT were not significantly different from those corresponding to the control (0-N). This coincides with data reported by Schlegel et al. (1986) and Watson et al. (1994), and confirms the effectiveness of nBTPT in reducing NH₃–N losses. Ammonia N losses from the urea without nBTPT as a percentage of applied N ranged between 2.6 and 13.2%, depending on N rate and fertilization time (Table 3) . Losses were greater with the increase in N rate and were even greater when urea was applied at V6. The occurrence of rainfall events (>10 mm) shortly after (4 d) both fertilization times in 1995–1996, and fertilization at V6 in 1994–1995 interrupted the volatilization process (Fox et al., 1986). However, if rainfall events had not occurred, the magnitude of losses would not have been greater than the observed, since loss rates had diminished notably after the third day after fertilization (Fig. 1b, c, and d). Greater losses observed for fertilization at V6 could be associated with higher soil temperatures observed at that time (data not shown).

View larger version (28K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Ammonia N losses for urea fertilization at maize planting in (a) 1994 and (c) 1995 and at V6 in (b) 1994 and (d) 1995. Legend: 0-N, control; 70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1; +I, urea with urease inhibitor nBTPT. Error bars indicate LSD (P 0.05)

Soil Mineral Nitrogen Changes
When urea was applied at planting, soil mineral N at V6 reached a maximum value in all three growing seasons (50, 48, and 43 DAP, respectively) (Fig. 2) . This agrees with findings of Dou et al. (1995) for no-till maize. However, the use of urea treated with nBTPT did not significantly affect soil mineral N at that stage (Fig. 2). These results could be explained by the small NH₃–N losses observed when urea was applied at planting (Fig. 1). However, in 1994–1995 soil mineral N at 27 DAP was significantly lower (P 0.05) when urea had been applied with nBTPT (Fig. 2a), indicating a delay of urea hydrolysis due to the inhibitor.

View larger version (35K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2 Soil mineral N content at the 0- to 60-cm depth during (a) 1994–1995, (b) 1995–1996, and (c) 1996–1997 growing seasons, for urea fertilization at maize planting (P) and at V6. Legend: 0-N, control; 35, 70, 140, 210 kg N ha-1; +I, urea with urease inhibitor nBTPT; V6, six-leaf stage; PF, 15 d before flowering; F, flowering; PM, physiological maturity. Error bars indicate LSD (P 0.05); thin bars are for comparing N levels and thick bars are for comparing N level x time or N level x presence of inhibitor interactions

In all three growing seasons, soil mineral N at flowering (92, 91, and 87 DAP, respectively) was significantly increased (P 0.05) by increasing N rate (Fig. 2). Fertilization at V6 significantly increased (P 0.05) soil mineral N content at flowering in 1994–1995 and 1995–1996, while an increase in soil mineral N due to nBTPT was detected only in 1994–1995 (Fig. 2). The greater mineral N observed with the fertilization at V6 could be explained by the existence of either lower N losses from bulk soil or smaller N immobilization in the soil organic fraction (Bigeriego et al., 1979; Jokela and Randall, 1997). After flowering, soil mineral N remained low up to the end of the season (Fig. 2).

Weekly variations of NH⁺₄–N and NO^-₃–N contents in 1996–1997 are shown in Fig. 3 . For fertilization at planting, there was a trend to lower NH⁺₄–N immediately after fertilization only when urea was treated with nBTPT (Fig. 3a). On the other hand, NH⁺₄–N was significantly affected (P 0.05) by the N rate up to 29 DAP (20 d after fertilization at planting) (Fig. 3a). However, when fertilizer was applied at V6, NH⁺₄–N was significantly affected (P 0.05) by the N rate only immediately after fertilization (Fig. 3a) but not thereafter, indicating faster nitrification after V6.

View larger version (29K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3 NH+4–N and NO-3–N content at the 0- to 10-cm depth during the 1996–1997 growing season for urea fertilization at maize planting (P) and at V6. Legend: 0-N, control; 70, 210 kg N ha-1; +I, urea with urease inhibitor nBTPT. Error bars indicate LSD (P 0.05)

For both fertilization times, nitrification was probably rapid, due to the high population of nitrifiers in the soil under study (Navarro et al., 1980). Protons liberated during nitrification can offset pH increases promoted by hydrolysis of urea (Fenn and Hossner, 1985). Increased nitrification could therefore have shortened the period with high soil pH, due to hydrolysis of urea, thus contributing to the small volatilization losses measured.

The results show that the soil mineral N availability for maize during the critical period of N accumulation (i.e., 15 d before flowering up to 15 d after flowering; Uhart and Andrade, 1995) was not affected by nBTPT. This could be attributed to the small volatilization losses observed and to the short duration of hydrolysis inhibition in this soil due to its slightly acid pH and high organic matter content as reported by Watson et al. (1994).

Nitrogen Accumulation and Grain Yield
Water did not limit crop growth in any of the three growing seasons, because the availability generated by rainfall and irrigation overcame the evapotranspiration (Table 2).

Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased (P 0.01) crop N uptake and grain yield in every year (Table 4) . Crop growth rate during flowering and grain filling increased with N rate increase, resulting in higher kernel number per square meter and grain weight (data not shown).

In 1994–1995 and 1995–1996, when the fertilizer was applied at V6, N uptake and grain yield were increased compared with fertilization at planting (Table 4). However, in 1996–1997 neither variable was increased with fertilization at V6 (Table 4). Greater N uptake and grain yield with fertilization at V6 have been reported by other researchers (Wells and Bitzer, 1984; Fox et al., 1986; Wells et al., 1992). This suggests that plant uptake of fertilizer N is more efficient when applied just prior maximum plant need, due to lower N losses through denitrification or leaching, or lower N immobilization in organic forms (Bigeriego et al., 1979; Wells and Bitzer, 1984; Jokela and Randall, 1997). Fertilization at V6 increased soil mineral N at flowering (Fig. 2a and b) and N uptake after that stage compared with fertilization at planting in 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 (data not shown). The lack of significant difference between fertilization times in the last year could be the consequence of excess irrigation water in January (Table 2), which may have caused greater N losses by leaching and denitrification and so limited N uptake after flowering and grain yield.

	Conclusions

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Results of this experiment indicated that NH₃–N volatilization losses under no-tillage at both applications times were not very high. Under the conditions of this experiment, the use of nBTPT treated urea did not increase soil mineral N consistently and did not increase maize N uptake nor grain yield. This was true even for delayed urea applications (V6), when it would have been expected that the effect of nBTPT would be greater because of the potentially higher NH₃–N volatilization losses.

Fertilization at V6 increased soil mineral N content at flowering, maize N uptake and grain yield. Therefore, urea application at V6 produced greater and more consistent effects on crop performance and fertilizer N use efficiency than the use of nBTPT.SAS Institute 1985

Received for publication October 13, 1998.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 

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This Article Abstract Figures Only Full Text (PDF) Free Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via ISI Web of Science (6) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Rozas, H. S. Articles by Andrade, F. H. Search for Related Content PubMed Articles by Rozas, H. S. Articles by Andrade, F. H. Agricola Articles by Rozas, H. S. Articles by Andrade, F. H. Related Collections Tillage Maize Nutrient Management Soil Chemistry