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ANIMAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Composted and Noncomposted Manure Application to Conventional and No-Tillage Systems

Corn Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

^a Dep. of Agronomy and USDA-ARS, Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583 USA

beghball1{at}unl.edu

	ABSTRACT

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Manure application to the soil surface may not be as effective as incorporated manure for crop production, because of potential N loss. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of composted (compost) and noncomposted manure from beef cattle (Bos taurus) feedlots on corn (Zea mays L.) yield and N uptake under two tillage systems in 4 years. Conventional and no-till systems were used as main plots, and subplots consisted of application of composted and noncomposted manure and fertilizer to provide for corn N requirements, and check treatments. Manure and compost were applied and immediately incorporated by disking in the conventional system and left on the surface in the no-till. Fertilizer was incorporated in the conventional system and surface-applied in the no-till system each spring prior to planting. Results showed that in 3 out of 4 years there was no effect of tillage on corn grain yields of plots receiving manure or compost. Manure and compost application resulted in similar grain yield as that for fertilizer treatment in all years except for no-till in 1996. First-year N availability was approximately 38% for manure and 20% for compost in both tillage systems. Apparent N use efficiency was 17% for manure, 12% for compost, and 45% for the fertilizer treatment across 4 years. Chlorophyll meter readings, indicating relative plant N concentration at different stages of growth, were closely related to N uptake and grain yield in years with adequate water supply, but not in the drier year of 1995. Stalk NO^-₃–N concentration at harvest was above the critical level of 2000 mg kg^-1 for the fertilizer treatment in 1995 but was low (<200 mg kg^-1) for manure and compost treatments. Stalk NO^-₃–N concentration did not exceed the critical level for any treatment in other years. When the correct N availability factor is used, beef cattle feedlot manure and compost can be effectively utilized in no-till corn production systems.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
IN THE UNITED STATES, beef cattle feeding is concentrated in the central and southern Great Plains. Leading states are Texas, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, and Colorado, which collectively finish two-thirds of the beef fed in the United States. Approximately 84% were fed in feedlots with a capacity of 1000 or more head (Krause, 1991). Handling and utilizing the manure produced in these large feedlots is a significant environmental problem that must be addressed. Manure from these confined animal feeding units is an important resource for crop production and soil sustainability, in that it is a source of all essential plant nutrients. This manure also provides an excellent source of organic matter when added to soils, restoring some of the organic matter depleted by many agricultural practices. However, manure produced by beef cattle can potentially be a source of pollution for water, air, and land pollution, because of the potential for excess nitrates, salts, undesirable microorganisms, pathogens, and greenhouse gases; it is also a possible source of weed seed (Eghball and Power, 1994).

Composting manure produces a stabilized product that can be stored or spread with little odor or fly breeding potential (Sweeten, 1988; Rynk et al., 1992). Other advantages of composting include killing pathogens and most weed seeds, and improving handling characteristics of manure by reducing volume and weight. Disadvantages of composting include nutrient loss, specifically N, and requirements for time, money, equipment, and labor (Rynk et al., 1992). Eghball et al. (1997) found that as much as 40% of total beef feedlot manure N can be lost during composting, and significant losses of K and Na (>6.5% of total K and Na) occur in runoff from composting windrows not protected from rainfall.

The no-till crop production system is becoming more common in the United States. It was predicted that by the year 2000, 45% of U.S. cropland will be under no-till or reduced tillage systems (USDA, 1975). In 1996, 41% of the U.S. cropland was under no-till or reduced tillage management (CTIC, 1997). Soil protection from erosion losses, conservation of soil water by increased infiltration and decreased evaporation, increased use of land too steep for conventional production, and reduction in fuel, labor, and machinery costs are among the reasons for increased use of reduced tillage systems (Doran and Linn, 1994). Manure application to no-till can result in increased residue on the surface and may reduce soil erosion. Woodruff et al. (1974) showed that manure can reduce soil wind erosion. However, manure application to no-till, where no incorporation is done, may reduce its effectiveness as a nutrient source because of potential N loss.

Beef cattle feedlot manure is different from other livestock manure, as it is left on the feedlot surface for up to 1 year before it is collected. About 50% of the excreted N is lost, primarily by NH₃ volatilization, by the time manure is collected in cattle feedlots (Gilbertson et al., 1971). The remaining N is in a more stable form and not subject to a great N loss. In composting, an additional 20 to 40% of the manure N is lost and the N in compost is in even more stable forms than in typical beef cattle feedlot manure (Eghball et al., 1997). In dairy, swine (Sus sp.), or poultry (Gallus and other spp.) manure, up to 50% of the total N is in the NH₄ form and subject to loss as NH₃ if manure is surface-applied and not incorporated immediately (Overcash et al., 1983). In compost and beef cattle feedlot manure, NH⁺₄–N usually accounts for less than 16% of total N, and potential NH₃ loss will not significantly reduce the N value of manure or compost (Eghball and Power, 1999).

Poultry and dairy manure have been applied in no-till systems. Poultry manure application resulted in significantly greater corn grain yield for a conventional than a no-till system (Sims, 1987). This may be because NH⁺₄–N was about 24% of the total N in the poultry manure used, and NH₃ volatilization reduced the amount of N available to the crop in the no-till soil. Soil NO^-₃, soil NH₄, and NO₃–N leaching losses to the 0.6-m depth were greater with N fertilizer than with poultry manure, but the residual N remaining in the soil was greater with poultry manure than fertilizer (Sims, 1987). Injected liquid dairy manure in no-till and chisel plow systems resulted in similar corn grain yield when applications were made annually, but yield was greater with plow than no-till in the second year when biennial manure applications were made (Joshi et al., 1994a). Soil water collected at a depth of 1.5 m had an average NO₃–N concentration of 66 mg L^-1 for annual inorganic fertilizer, 50 mg L^-1 for annual manure, and 11 mg L^-1 for biennial manure application in 2 years (Joshi et al., 1994b).

Incorporation of manure after application may reduce runoff losses and conserve manure nutrients compared with surface application. Loss of nutrients from surface application of manure or compost containing high NH₄ contents may reduce their effectiveness for crop production. Our objective was to determine the effects of composted and noncomposted beef cattle feedlot manure application on corn grain yield and N uptake in conventional and no-tillage systems.

	Materials and methods

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
An experiment was initiated in 1992 on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll) under rainfed conditions at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research Center near Mead, NE. The soil had a Bray and Kurtz no. 1 P test of 79 mg kg^-1 and a pH (1:1 soil:water) of 6.3 in the surface 15 cm. A split-plot in a randomized complete block design was used with four replications. Tillage systems of conventional and no-till were used as main plots. Subplots consisted of application of composted and noncomposted beef cattle feedlot manure and commercial fertilizer to provide for corn N requirements (151 kg available N ha^-1 for an expected 9.4 Mg ha^-1 grain yield; Gilbertson et al., 1979), and a nonfertilized check. Manure and compost were applied and incorporated within 1 or 2 d into the top 10 cm of soil by disking in the conventional tillage plots in the autumn of 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1995. The conventional plots were also cultivated for weed control, in addition to using herbicide in the corn rows. In the no-till plots, manure and compost were broadcast on the soil surface in the autumn without incorporation or subsequent tillage. Weed control in the no-till plots was achieved using herbicides. Nutrient contents of the applied manure and compost are given in Table 1 .

Manure or compost was hand-applied to 12.2- by 4.6-m plots (6 corn rows) after corn harvest in late autumn (Nov.–Dec.). Manure and compost characteristics are given in Table 1 and the application rates are given in Table 2 . Corn (Pioneer 3394) was planted at a seeding rate of 47000 seed ha^-1 and a 0.76-m row spacing. The planting dates were 21 May 1993, 10 May 1994, 24 May 1995, and 21 May 1996.

Chlorophyll meters (Minolta SPAD 502) were used to evaluate the N status of corn during the growing season.¹ Measurements were made at the 10-leaf stage and once every 2 wk thereafter, for a total of four times per year (three measurements in 1995). Measurements were made (30 random plants per plot) on the top fully expanded leaf at the 10-leaf stage and on the ear-leaf for subsequent measurements.

Growing season rainfall (1 May 1–15 Oct.) was 773, 558, 307, and 425 mm in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively, compared with a 30-yr average of 493 mm. Rainfall from 1 June to 31 August for the same four years was 595, 405, 107, and 215 mm, respectively. The plots were irrigated three times during July and August in 1995 for a total of 75 mm, to avoid losing the experiment.

Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data, using SAS (SAS Inst., 1985). Combined analysis was performed across years for all parameters except chlorophyll meter readings, which are reported for each year. Number of plants harvested was used as covariant in the analysis of variance to adjust grain yield and total N uptake for plant population differences among plots. A probability level 0.05 was considered significant.

	Results and discussion

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Grain Yield and Total N Uptake
Application of composted or noncomposted beef cattle feedlot manure resulted in greater corn grain yield than from nonfertilized check treatments in all 4 years (Table 3) . Averaged across treatments, grain yield was greatest in 1994 and was least in 1995. The two tillage systems resulted in similar corn grain yield, but tillage interacted with year and treatment (Table 3). Grain yield was similar for no-till and conventional tillage systems for the four treatments in 1993, 1994, and 1995, but in 1996 yield was lower for the manure and compost treatments in no-till than in the conventional system (Fig. 1) . There was slightly greater incidence of root worm (Diabrotica spp.) damage in the no-till than conventional system in 1996, but use of damage ranking as a covariant failed to change the grain yield response observed (data not shown). In 3 out of 4 years, surface application of manure or compost in no-till resulted in corn grain yield comparable to that with manure and compost incorporation (conventional tillage system).

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1 Corn grain yield for four treatments in conventional and no-tillage systems in 4 years at Mead, NE. Vertical bars indicate standard errors (2 SE indicates 0.05 level probability)

Plant Dry Weight and N Uptake at 10-Leaf and Tasseling
There were significant effects of treatment and year on plant weight and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage and at tasseling (Table 3). Compared with other study years, plant dry weight in 1995 was greatest at the 10-leaf stage, but was least at tasseling (Table 3). This probably occurred because of the dry condition that prevailed after the 10-leaf stage in 1995. Fertilizer application resulted in greater plant weight and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage and at tasseling than for all other treatments (Table 3). At tasseling, compost application resulted in greater plant weight and N uptake than manure application. There was no effect of tillage on plant weight and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage and at tasseling (Table 3).

There were tillage x year interactions for plant weight and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage and at tasseling (Table 3). Plant weight and N uptake at both sampling times were greater for no-till than the conventional system in 1995, while the two tillage systems resulted in similar plant weight and N uptake in other years (Table 4). In the drier 1995, no-till resulted in greater early growth and yield than the conventional system, possibly reflecting greater water storage in no-till. There was a year x treatment interaction for plant weight at tasseling and tillage x treatment interactions for both plant weight at tasseling and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage (Tables 3, 5, and 6).

Plant weight and N uptake at the 10-leaf stage followed the same trend as grain yield and total N uptake for manure, compost, and fertilizer treatments in all years except the drier 1995. By tasseling, plant weight and N uptake closely followed grain yield and total N uptake trends, which indicates that early plant growth may not be a good indicator of yield or N uptake in dry years.

Stalk NO^-₃–N
Stalk NO^-₃–N concentration after harvest has been used as an indicator of excess soil NO^-₃–N or induced environmental stress. The critical stalk NO^-₃–N value is about 2000 mg kg^-1 (Binford et al., 1990; Varvel et al., 1997). Stalk NO^-₃–N levels >2000 mg kg^-1 are judged to indicate excess NO^-₃ in the soil or an occurrence of environmental stress. High soil NO^-₃–N has the potential to leach into ground water. Stalk NO^-₃–N <100 mg kg^-1 may indicate that N supply was not adequate to obtain optimum corn yields (Binford et al., 1990). Stalk NO^-₃–N was greater in 1995 than in the other years when averaged across tillage and treatments, but the concentration (1150 mg kg^-1) was below the critical level (Table 3). No effect of tillage on stalk NO^-₃–N concentration was observed. There was a treatment x year interaction for stalk NO^-₃–N (Table 3). Stalk NO^-₃–N was below the critical level for all treatments in 1994 and 1996, but in the drier year of 1995, stalk NO^-₃–N was more than twice the critical level for the fertilizer treatment (Table 5). In the dry year, excess NO^-₃–N in stalks indicated excess available N in the soil. However, when manure or compost are applied in dry years, less N is expected to convert to NO^-₃–N in the soil and excess build-up of NO^-₃ may not be a problem.

Leaf Chlorophyll
The chlorophyll meter measures the degree of greenness of the leaves and is an indication of plant N concentration in the growing season (Varvel et al., 1997). Leaf chlorophyll readings from manure, compost, and check treatments were compared with that from the fertilizer treatment. Check treatments had lower chlorophyll readings than the fertilizer treatments for all measurement times in both tillage systems in all 4 years (Table 7) . Manure application resulted in generally similar chlorophyll meter readings to those for the fertilizer treatments in the conventional tillage system in all 4 years, but readings for manure treatments in no-till were reduced in all years. Compost application resulted in readings less than those for fertilizer treatments for both tillage systems in 1993 and in the no-till in 1994.

	Conclusions

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
In 3 out of 4 years, beef cattle feedlot manure or composted feedlot manure left on the soil surface of no-till plots produced corn grain yields that were similar to those for plots in which the materials were incorporated. There was no apparent reason for greater corn yield for conventional compared with no-till treatments receiving manure or compost in 1996. It appears that surface application of beef cattle feedlot manure or composted manure did not result in significant N losses. This is because N compounds in beef cattle feedlot manure or compost are mainly organic forms and contain only small concentrations of NH⁺₄–N (which is subject to volatilization loss). Organic sources that contain a large concentration of NH⁺₄–N should be incorporated after application to minimize N loss. Nitrogen uptake by corn generally followed the same trend as grain yield, indicating that N availability from manure or compost followed the same pattern throughout the growing season in all years except 1995. In the drier 1995, early corn growth did not translate into greater grain yield. Averaged across years, fertilizer application resulted in greater grain yield than manure or compost. This was primarily because of significantly less corn yield for manure or compost than that for fertilizer treatment in the no-till in 1996. Additional research is needed to determine the amount of manure and compost N that becomes plant-available under different environmental and soil conditions so that these resources can be effectively utilized for crop production without adverse effects on the environment.

Stalk NO^-₃–N concentration indicated excess soil NO^-₃–N in the fertilized plots, but not in manure or compost plots in the dry year (1995). In a dry year, conversion of organic and NH⁺₄–N to NO^-₃–N is slowed when manure and compost are applied. Chlorophyll meter readings were very good indicators of plant growth and N uptake in all years except in the dry year of 1995. Water stress after the 10-leaf stage in 1995 resulted in chlorophyll meter readings that were not correlated with final N uptake. Water stress is a more dominant factor than N deficiency, and so chlorophyll meter readings may not be a good indicator of plant N status in water stress years.SAS Institute 1985

	NOTES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 
Joint contribution of the USDA-ARS and the Univ. of Nebr. Agric. Res. Div., Lincoln, NE, as Journal Series no. 12222.

¹ Use of a trade name does not indicate endorsement by the USDA-ARS or the Univ. of Nebraska.

Received for publication September 1, 1998.

	REFERENCES

TOP NOTES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Materials and methods Results and discussion Conclusions REFERENCES

 

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