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Integration of a Cropping Systems Simulation Model and a Relational Database for Simple Farm-Scale Analyses

^a Dep. of Crop Science, Univ. of Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
^b Dep. of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Example of application of the integration of cropping systems simulation and data model for a farm, considering different fields, soil types, and rotations.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Example of symbols (proposed by Garcia-Molina et al., 2002) and concepts used for entity–relationship data models. For details see the text. This data model represents the fact that a soil profile may have one or more soil layers, while a single soil layer belongs to one soil profile only. The primary key of the soil profile (id_soil) is used to form the primary key of the weak entity set "soil layers."

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. The entity–relationship diagram of the data model. See the text and Fig. 2 for details about the symbols and concepts. The attributes and the keys of each entity set are not shown for clarity in the figure, but are reported in Table 1.

View larger version (47K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Example of the forms developed to input data in the database and to run the simulation model.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Simulation of surface-irrigated continuous grain corn in Tribiano, northern Italy (45°24' N, 9°22' E) at different levels of manure N fertilization (high = 450, medium = 300, low = 150 kg N ha–1, integrated with 0, 90, and 180 kg urea N ha–1, respectively) and at different distances from the inlet; (a) amount of water infiltrated, used as input for the multi-annual simulations; (b) simulated average grain yields; (c) simulated average annual soil water drainage; (d) simulated average annual nitrate leaching.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Simulation of surface-irrigated continuous grain corn in Tribiano, northern Italy (45°24' N, 9°22' E): graphic result of a query of the database, with the amounts of production factors (N and irrigation water) used in each simulation. Nitrogen was applied with urea ("N min fert"), with the inorganic fraction of pig slurry ("N NH4 slurry"), and with the organic fraction of pig slurry ("N org slurry").