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A Structured Procedure for Assessing How Crop Models Respond to Temperature

^a USDA-ARS, U.S. Water Conserv. Lab., 4331 E Broadway Rd., Phoenix, AZ 85040-8834
^b Dep. of Biol. and Agric. Eng., College of Agric. and Environ. Sci., Griffin Campus, The Univ. of Georgia, Griffin, GA 30223-1797
^c Dep. of Plant Agric., Crop Science Bldg., Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Response of total above ground crop mass to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as simulated by CSM-CERES-Sorghum. Sample dates are for days after emergence (DAE) and for days to anthesis or maturity.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Response of the sorghum model CSM-CERES-Sorghum to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as indicated by: (A) total aboveground crop mass (TCM) at harvest maturity, a reference date (50 d after emergence, DAE), 30 DAE, and anthesis date, and grain yield; (B) normalized values (from 0 to 1) of rates of development for seedling emergence, vegetative, and reproductive phases; (C) total aboveground crop mass at harvest maturity and grain yield vs. days to physiological maturity; and (D) normalized values at harvest maturity of harvest index, grain number, unit grain mass, and grain N concentration.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Response of the sorghum model CSM-CERES-Sorghum to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as indicated by: (A) normalized values (from 0 to 1) at a reference date (50 d after emergence) for leaf area index (LAI50), specific leaf area (SLA50), and number of main-stem nodes; (B) normalized values at a reference date for root dry mass, maximum root depth, and root/shoot ratio; (C) normalized values of water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration (WUEET), water use efficiency based on transpiration (WUETR), N use efficiency (NUE), and crop growth rate (CGR50); and (D) total-season irrigation, evapotranspiration, transpiration, and soil evaporation.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Response of the common bean model CSM-CROPGRO-Drybean to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as indicated by: (A) total aboveground crop mass (TCM) at harvest maturity, a reference date (50 d after emergence, DAE), 30 DAE, anthesis date, and grain yield; (B) normalized values (from 0 to 1) of rates of development for seedling emergence, vegetative, and reproductive phases; (C) total aboveground crop mass and grain yield vs. days to physiological maturity; and (D) normalized values at harvest maturity of harvest index, grain number, unit grain mass, and grain N concentration. HI, harvest index.

View larger version (29K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Response of the common bean model CSM-CROPGRO-Drybean to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as indicated by: (A) normalized values (from 0 to 1) at a reference date (50 d after emergence) for leaf area index (LAI50), specific leaf area (SLA50), and number of main-stem nodes; (B) normalized values at a reference date for root dry mass, maximum root depth, and root/shoot ratio; (C) normalized values of water use efficiency based on evapotranspiration (WUEET), water use efficiency based on transpiration (WUETR), radiation use efficiency (RUE50), N use efficiency (NUE), and crop growth rate (CGR50); and (D) total-season irrigation, evapotranspiration, transpiration, and soil evaporation.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Response of the sorghum model CSM-CERES-Sorghum to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as affected by water or N deficits. Water deficit levels are percentage of full irrigation, and N deficit if no N applied. (A) Total aboveground crop mass at maturity. (B) Grain yield.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 7. Relation between regimes of monthly mean temperature during the six warmest months for 1000 stations from 26° S to 35° N latitude in the Americas. Long-term monthly means are from FAOCLIM2.01 (FAO Agrometeorology Group, 2001). (A) Mean temperature vs. elevation. (B) Temperature range (warmest to coolest of the six warmest months) vs. absolute value of latitude.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Response of the sorghum model CSM-CERES-Sorghum to constant mean temperatures with a daily range of 10°C as indicated by total aboveground crop mass (TCM) at a reference date (50 d after emergence) and harvest maturity and by grain yield and days to anthesis and to maturity.