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Establishment of Kura Clover No-Tilled into Grass Pastures with Herbicide Sod Suppression and Nitrogen Fertilization

^a Dep. of Plant Science, McGill Univ., Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore Rd., Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
^b Dep. of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, Univ. of Minnesota, 1991 Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108-6026
^c Univ. of Minnesota West Central Res. and Outreach Center, State Hwy. 329, Morris, MN 56267
^d Univ. of Minnesota North Central Res. and Outreach Center, 1861 Hwy. 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744

View larger version (44K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Density of established seedlings following sod-seeding of clovers into grass swards suppressed using different herbicides, and with or without N fertilization at five sites in Québec and Minnesota. PAR, paraquat (0.9 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYL, glyphosate low dose (0.8 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYH, glyphosate high dose (3.30 kg a.i. ha–1); (–) 0 kg N ha–1; (+) 100 kg N ha–1. KCC, Kura clover cv. Cossack; KCE, Kura clover cv. Endura; MNT01; Minnesota tall grass site 2001; MNS01, Minnesota short grass site 2001; MN02, Minnesota mixed grass site 2002; QC01, Québec tall grass site 2001; QC02 Québec tall grass site 2002; RC, red clover; WC, white clover. LSDS is used to compare means for same herbicide and N levels; LSDH is used to compare means for same species and N levels; LSDN is used to compare means for same species and herbicide levels.

View larger version (48K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Forage yields and botanical composition following sod-seeding of clovers into grass swards suppressed using different herbicides, and with or without N fertilization at two sites in Québec. PAR, paraquat (0.9 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYL, glyphosate low dose (0.8 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYH, glyphosate high dose (3.30 kg a.i. ha–1); (–) 0 kg N ha–1; (+) 100 kg N ha–1. KCC, Kura clover cv. Cossack; KCE, Kura clover cv. Endura; QC01, Québec tall grass site 2001; QC02 Québec tall grass site 2002; RC, red clover; WC, white clover. LSDS is used to compare clover means for same herbicide and N levels; LSDH is used to compare clover means for same species and N levels; LSDN is used to compare clover means for same species and herbicide levels. LSD for total, grass, and weed DM production are not indicated on the figure. At QC01, LSDS were 594, 466, and 268 kg DM ha–1 for total herbage, grass, and weeds DM production, respectively; LSDH were 652, 495, and 277 kg DM ha–1; and LSDN were 465, 500, and 297 kg DM ha–1. At QC02, LSDS were 227, 229, and 124 kg DM ha–1, for total herbage, grass, and weeds DM production, respectively; LSDH were 246, 240, and 133 kg DM ha–1 and LSDN were 216, 264, and 88 kg DM ha–1.

View larger version (65K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Forage yields (kg DM ha–1) and botanical composition following sod-seeding of clovers into grass swards suppressed using different herbicides, and with or without N fertilization at three sites in Minnesota. PAR, paraquat (0.9 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYL, glyphosate low dose (0.8 kg a.i. ha–1); GLYH, glyphosate high dose (3.30 kg a.i. ha–1); (–) 0 kg N ha–1; (+) 100 kg N ha–1. KCC, Kura clover cv. Cossack; KCE, Kura clover cv. Endura; MNT01, Minnesota tall grass site 2001; MNS01, Minnesota short grass site 2001; MN02, Minnesota mixed grass site 2002; RC, red clover; WC, white clover. LSDS is used to compare clover means for same herbicide and N levels; LSDH is used to compare clover means for same species and N levels; LSDN is used to compare clover means for same species and herbicide levels. LSD for total, grass, and weed DM production are not indicated on the figure. At MNT01, LSDS were 263, 178, and 218 kg DM ha–1, for total herbage, grass, and weeds DM production, respectively; LSDH were 270, 184, and 177 kg DM ha–1 and LSDN were 330, 155, and 239 kg DM ha–1. At MNS01, LSDS were 543, 228, and 463 kg DM ha–1, for total herbage, grass, and weeds DM production, respectively; LSDH were 549, 209, and 447 kg DM ha–1, and LSDN were 544, 189, and 444 kg DM ha–1. At MN02, LSDS were 679, 553, and 705 kg DM ha–1, for total herbage, grass, and weeds DM production, respectively; LSDH were 654, 550, and 645 kg DM ha–1, and LSDN were 610, 713, and 631 kg DM ha–1.