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Comparison of Electromagnetic Induction and Direct Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity

^a USDA-ARS, Cropping Syst. and Water Qual. Res. Unit, 269 Agric. Eng. Bldg., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
^b Dep. of Crop Sci., Univ. of Illinois, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
^c Dep. of Agron., Univ. of Missouri, 214 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211

View larger version (135K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Veris 3100 coulter-based apparent soil electrical conductivity sensor.

View larger version (119K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mobile apparent soil electrical conductivity data collection system, including Geonics EM38 sensor attached to rear-wheeled cart.

View larger version (20K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Relative response of apparent soil electrical conductivity sensors as a function of depth. Responses are normalized to yield a unit area under each curve.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Cumulative response of apparent soil electrical conductivity sensors as a function of depth.

View larger version (74K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Comparison of apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) readings obtained with (left) Geonics EM38, (center) Veris 3100 shallow electrodes, and (right) Veris 3100 deep electrodes on Missouri field F1 (39°13'48'' N, 92°7'0'' W, Mexico and Adco soils). Within each map, an equal number of observations is contained in each classification interval.

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Relationships between apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) data for (top) Missouri field GV and (bottom) Illinois field WS. Relationships appear more linear for WS (40°18'5'' N, 88°32'38'' W; Varna, Drummer, and Chenoa soils) than for GV (39°14'5'' N, 92°8'49'' W, Mexico and Adco soils). ECa-sh, shallow (0–30 cm) ECa measured by Veris 3100; ECa-dp, deep (0–100 cm) ECa measured by Veris 3100; ECa-em, vertical-mode ECa measured by Geonics EM38.