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Intercropping System Optimization for Yield, Quality, and Weed Suppression Combining Mechanistic and Descriptive Models

^a Swiss Federal Res. Stn. for Fruit-Growing, Viticulture and Hortic., P.O. Box 185, CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
^b Group of Crop and Weed Ecology, Dep. of Plant Sci., Wageningen Univ., P.O. Box 430, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, the Netherlands

View larger version (24K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Measured (symbols) and simulated (lines) shoot dry matter of (A) leek and (B) celery at harvest in monoculture (filled symbols) and mixture (open symbols) as affected by the relative time of emergence of Senecio vulgaris. Results of 1997 (Exp. I; squares and dashed lines) and 1998 (Exp. II; circles and solid lines). Error bars are standard errors of means.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Measured (symbols) and simulated (lines) shoot dry matter of Senecio vulgaris grown in (A) leek monoculture, (B) leek–celery intercrop, and (C) celery monoculture as affected by the relative time of emergence. Error bars are standard errors of means.

View larger version (17K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Effect of relative time of emergence of Senecio vulgaris (50 plants m-2) on relative competitive ability (RCA) of (A) leek vs. celery with respect to leek production (; bL,L/bL,C) and celery vs. leek with respect to celery production (•; bC,C/bC,L) (dotted lines indicate the relative competitive ability of the weed-free mixtures), (B) leek vs. S. vulgaris with respect to leek production (; bL,L/bL,S) and celery vs. S. vulgaris with respect to celery production (•; bC,C/bC,S), and (C) S. vulgaris vs. leek with respect to production of S. vulgaris (; bS,S/bS,L) and S. vulgaris vs. celery with respect to production of S. vulgaris (•; bS,S/bS,C).

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Replacement-series diagram with relative yields of leek monoculture (), leek–celery intercrop (), and celery monoculture () for (A) three crop densities [leek/celery = 40:20 (—), 20:10 (---), and 10:5 (···) plants m-2; and (B) one crop density (leek/celery = 20:10 plants m-2); and the yield of Senecio vulgaris grown in crop mixture expressed relative to its yield in leek monoculture for various relative times of emergence (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 d after crop establishment).

View larger version (28K): [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Isolines for crop stands producing (A) leek with similar pseudostem diameters (mm), (B) celery with similar per-plant fresh mass (g), (C) similar leek yield (kg ha-1 fresh mass), and (D) similar celery yield (kg ha-1 fresh mass). For Compound Fig. 6C and 6D, the quality isoline for leek given by a minimum pseudostem diameter of 20 mm is included.

View larger version (26K): [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Isolines for crop stands with (A) similar total biomass production (kg ha-1 dry matter), (B) similar total financial yield (€ ha-1), and (C) similar seed production with initial density of 50 Senecio vulgaris plants m-2 (seeds m-2). Compound Fig. 6D combines isolines for financial yield, minimum required leek pseudostem diameter, and seed production of S. vulgaris. The isoline for minimum required leek pseudostem diameter of 20 mm is also included in Compound Fig. 6A and 6B.