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Tillage Intensity, Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Fungi, and Nutrient Concentrations in Maize, Wheat, and Canola

Ahmad Mozafara, Thomas Ankenb, Richard Ruha and Emmanuel Frossarda

a Institute of Plant Sciences, Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH), Eschikon Experiment Station, Lindau, CH-8315 Switzerland
b Swiss Federal Research Station (FAT), Tänikon, CH-8356 Switzerland



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Fig. 1 Effect of soil tillage intensity (conventional, CT; no-till, NT) in Hausweid on the colonization of maize and wheat roots with mycorrhizal structures (hyphae, arbuscules, and vesicles) and nonmycorrhizal fungi during the plant growth in 1996 and 1997, respectively. For the sake of clarity of graphs, the graphs for chisel plow, which were mostly intermediate between the other graphs, are not shown. Error bars indicate ±1 SE

 


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Fig. 2 Nonmycorrhizal fungi found on/in wheat roots. (Top) Groups of pigmented cells formed on root surface in response to halting of penetration by Gaeumannomyces–Phialophora and hyphe of these fungi on the root surface. (Bottom) Resting spores of Olpidium and cystosori of Polymyxa inside the root cells

 


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Fig. 3 Effect of soil tillage intensity on the concentrations of P, K, and Ca in the tops of maize, wheat, and canola during the plant growth in Hausweid. For the sake of clarity of graphs, the graphs for chisel plow, which were mostly intermediate between the other graphs, are not shown. Error bars indicate ±1 SE

 


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Fig. 4 Effect of soil tillage intensity on the concentrations of Mn, Zn, and Cu in the tops of maize, wheat, and canola during the growing season in Hausweid. For the sake of clarity of graphs, the graphs for chisel plow, which were mostly intermediate between the other graphs, are not shown. Error bars indicate ±1 SE

 


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Fig. 5 Dendrogram from the cluster analysis (using Ward's linkage and Squared Euclidean) for the colonization of wheat roots by various mycorrhizal structures and nonmycorrhizal fungi and the concentrations of various mineral nutrients in the plants tops

 





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