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Effect of Loblolly Pine Root Pruning on Alley Cropped Herbage Production and Tree Growth

^a Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center, USDA-ARS, 6883 S. State Hwy. 23, Booneville, AR 72927
^b USDA-ARS, Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center, 1224 Airport Rd., Beaver, WV 25813

View larger version (57K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Arrangement of tillage treatments and subplots in one replication. Trees are indicated by symbols (daisy wheel). There were three tree rows sets per replication: three tree rows (1.8 m within row by 2.4 m between rows) and 9.7 m alley. The cultivated plot was 6.7 m wide and separated from northern- and southern-most tree rows by an uncultivated area 1.5 m wide. Horizontal lines indicate subplots (2.2 by 55 m, oriented east-west) designated as north, middle, and south. Symbols (empty circle/cross) indicate approximate location of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and topsoil temperature sensors.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Mean monthly climatic conditions at a weather station located 1.3 km from the experimental site in 2004 (empty circle) and 2005 (empty square). The long-term mean (filled circle) for air temperature (A) and rainfall (C) was for the period 1971 to 2000 mean from a station located 7.0 km east at Booneville, AR (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2002).

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Mean diurnal soil temperature at 15 cm depth in north (empty triangle), middle (empty square), and south (filled triangle) alley subplots and at an unshaded weather station located 1.3 km from the experimental site (empty circle) during May through September 2004 and 2005.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Mean diurnal photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in north (empty triangle), middle (empty square), and south (filled triangle) alley subplots and at an unshaded weather station located 1.3 km from the experimental site (empty circle) during May through September 2004 and 2005.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Diurnal shading of a 10 m-wide alley by an opaque barrier 7.3 or 10.7 m tall (mean height of bordering trees in 2002 and 2005, respectively) on 21 May, 21 July, and 21 Sept. 2002 (empty symbols) and 2005 (filled symbols) at Booneville, AR according to the model of Hooge (2005).

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 6. Effect of subplot (north, middle, and south) within tillage treatment on mean topsoil water content of loblolly pine alleys. Vertical bars are the standard error of the mean (n = 78). Bars within a tillage treatment having a common letter do not differ (P > 0.05).

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 7. (A) Effect of year, and (B) effect of tillage on diameter breast height (DBH) and height of loblolly pine. Vertical bars are the standard error of the mean (A: n = 360 and 180, and B: n = 480 and 240 for DBH and height, respectively). Bars within a figure followed by a common capital (DBH) or lowercase letter (height) do not differ (P > 0.05).

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 8. Effect of year x subplot within tillage treatment on herbage yield of annual ryegrass. Bars within a year and tillage treatment followed by a common letter do not differ (P > 0.05).

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 9. Effect of year x subplot within tillage treatment on herbage yield of pearl millet. Bars within a year and tillage treatment followed by a common letter do not differ (P > 0.05).