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USDA-ARS, Northern Grain Insects Res. Lab., 2923 Medary Ave., Brookings, SD 57006
* Corresponding author (jpikul{at}ngirl.ars.usda.gov)
Received for publication October 15, 2004. Crop rotation may improve production efficiency and reduce fertilizer N requirements for corn (Zea mays L.). Objectives were to determine effect of rotation and N on corn yield, efficiency of water use (WUE) and N use (NUE), and corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) beetle populations (CR). Rotations (started in 1990) were continuous corn (CC), corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (CS), and a 4-yr rotation of corn–soybean–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) companion-seeded with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)–alfalfa hay (CSWA). Nitrogen treatments for corn were corn fertilized for a grain yield of 8.5 Mg ha–1 (highN), 5.3 Mg ha–1 (midN), and no N fertilizer (noN). Average yield (1992–2003) was greatest (p = 0.003) under CS and highN (7.0 Mg ha–1). Yield differences (p = 0.001) among rotations increased with decreased fertilizer N. Average (1992–2003) yield with noN fertilizer was 5.8 Mg ha–1 under CSWA, 4.5 Mg ha–1 under CS, and 2.8 Mg ha–1 under CC. Nitrogen use efficiency differed (p = 0.096) only under midN with CSWA = CS > CC. Soil water (upper 1.8 m) for corn measured on 1 June (average of N treatments) was 55, 54, and 45 cm for CC, CS, and CSWA, respectively. For CSWA under highN, available water limited yield in 3 of 6 yr. At highN, CR adult populations were greater under CS compared with CC and greater at higher N fertilizer levels within CC. Rotations have potential to improve production efficiency; however, there is potential for reduced corn yield after alfalfa due to less available soil water.
Abbreviations: CC, continuous corn • CR, corn rootworm • CS, corn–soybean • CSWA, corn–soybean–wheat/alfalfa–alfalfa • highN, high-nitrogen treatment • midN, mid-nitrogen treatment • NCR, northern corn rootworm • noN, zero-nitrogen treatment • NP, nitrogen prescription • NUE, nitrogen use efficiency • SD, standard deviation • TSN, total soil nitrate nitrogen • WCR, western corn rootworm • WU, water use • WUE, water use efficiency • YG, yield goal
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