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a Oklahoma Panhandle Res. and Ext. Cent., Oklahoma State Univ., Goodwell, OK 73939
b Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI 48824 and W.K. Kellogg Biol. Stn., Michigan State Univ., Hickory Corners, MI 49060
c Southwest Kansas Res. and Ext. Cent., Kansas State Univ., Garden City, KS 67846
d Dep. of Anim. Sci., Adnan Menderes Univ., Aydin, 09100 Turkey
e Nat. Resour. Ecol. Lab., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523
* Corresponding author (sanchje{at}okstate.edu).
Received for publication July 9, 2003.
In this study, we investigated the impact of cropping system management on C and N pools, crop yield, and N leaching in a long-term agronomic experiment in Southwest Michigan. Four management types, conventional (CO), integrated fertilizer (IF), integrated compost (IC), and transitional organic (TO) were applied to two crop sequences, a corn (Zea mays L.)–corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation and continuous corn, which were grown with and without cover crops in the IF, IC, and TO managements. Using compost as a fertility source and reducing the use of herbicides and other chemicals resulted in long-term changes in soil organic matter pools such TO 
IC > IF CO for total C and N and for the labile C and N measured through aerobic incubations at 70 and 150 d. Mineralizable N varied within the rotation, tending to increase after soybean and decrease after corn production in all systems. Corn yield was closely associated with 70-d N mineralization potential, being greatest for first-year corn with cover and least for continuous corn without cover under all management types. Although the TO and IC systems produced the lowest yield for second-year or continuous corn, the combination of soybean and wheat plus red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) always supported high yield for first-year corn. Fall nitrate level and nitrate leaching were higher for commercially fertilized corn than for any other crop or for compost-amended corn.
Abbreviations: CO, conventional • IC, integrated compost • IF, integrated fertilizer • LFL, Living Field Laboratory • TO, transitional organic
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