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SYMPOSIUM PAPERS

Comparison of Electromagnetic Induction and Direct Sensing of Soil Electrical Conductivity

^a USDA-ARS, Cropping Syst. and Water Qual. Res. Unit, 269 Agric. Eng. Bldg., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
^b Dep. of Crop Sci., Univ. of Illinois, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801
^c Dep. of Agron., Univ. of Missouri, 214 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211

^* Corresponding author (SudduthK{at}missouri.edu)

Received for publication July 10, 2001. Apparent profile soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) can be an indirect indicator of a number of soil physical and chemical properties. Commercially available EC_a sensors can be used to efficiently and inexpensively develop the spatially dense data sets desirable for describing within-field spatial soil variability in precision agriculture. The objective of this research was to compare EC_a measurements from a noncontact, electromagnetic induction–based sensor (Geonics EM38)¹ to those obtained with a coulter-based sensor (Veris 3100) and to relate EC_a data to soil physical properties. Data were collected on two fields in Illinois (Argiudoll and Endoaquoll soils) and two in Missouri (Aqualfs). At 12 to 21 sampling sites in each field, 120-cm-deep soil cores were obtained for soil property determination. Depth response curves for each EC_a sensor were derived or obtained from the literature. Within a single field and measurement date, EM38 data and Veris deep (0–100 cm depth) data were most highly correlated (r = 0.74–0.88). Differences between EC_a sensors were more pronounced on the more layered Missouri soils due to differences in depth-weighted response curves. Correlations of EC_a with response curve–weighted clay content and cation exchange capacity were generally highest and most persistent across all fields and EC_a data types. Significant correlations were also seen with organic C on the Missouri fields and with silt content. Significant correlations of EC_a with soil moisture, sand content, or paste EC were observed only about 10% of the time. Data obtained with both types of EC_a sensors were similar and exhibited similar relationships to soil physical and chemical properties.

Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation • DGPS, differential global positioning system • EC, electrical conductivity • EC_a, apparent soil electrical conductivity • EC_a-sh, shallow (0–30 cm) apparent soil electrical conductivity measured by Veris 3100 • EC_a-dp, deep (0–100 cm) apparent soil electrical conductivity measured by Veris 3100 • EC_a-em, vertical-mode apparent soil electrical conductivity measured by Geonics EM38 • EM, electromagnetic induction • GPS, global positioning system • TD, topsoil depth

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