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Agronomy Journal 94:815-820 (2002)
© 2002 American Society of Agronomy

NITROGEN MANAGEMENT

Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Grain Production with Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Application

William R. Raun*,a, John B. Solieb, Gordon V. Johnsona, Marvin L. Stoneb, Robert W. Mullena, Kyle W. Freemana, Wade E. Thomasona and Erna V. Lukinaa

a Dep. of Plant and Soil Sci., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078
b Dep. of Biosyst. and Agric. Eng., Oklahoma State Univ., Stillwater, OK 74078

* Corresponding author (wrr{at}mail.pss.okstate.edu)

Received for publication August 7, 2001. In 2001, N fertilizer prices nearly doubled as a result of increased natural gas prices. This was further troubling when considering that the world N use efficiency (NUE) in cereal grain production averages only 33%. Methods to improve NUE in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) have not included high spatial-resolution management based on sensed plant growth properties nor on midseason prediction of grain yield. Our objective was to determine the validity of using in-season estimates of grain yield (INSEY) and a response index (RI) to modulate N at 1-m2 spatial resolution. Four winter wheat field experiments were conducted that evaluated prescribed midseason N applications compared with uniform rates that simulated farmer practices. Our methods recognize that each 1-m2 area in wheat fields needs to be sensed and managed independently and that the need for fertilizer N is temporally dependent. Averaged over locations, NUE was improved by >15% when N fertilization was based on optically sensed INSEY, determined for each 1-m2 area, and a RI compared with traditional practices at uniform N rates.

Abbreviations: GDD, growing degree days • INSEY, in-season estimated grain yield • NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index • NFOA, nitrogen fertilization optimization algorithm • NUE, nitrogen use efficiency • RI, response index • RINDVI, in-season response index • RIHARVEST, response index at harvest • YP0, potential yield with no added fertilization • YPMAX, maximum obtainable yield • YPN, potential yield with added N fertilization




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